Ак Којунлу

Ак Којунлу (тур. , перс. ), познати и као Туркмени Белог Овна,^[в] био је племенски савез Турака Огуза,^{[12][13][14][15]} који је владао данашњом источном Турском од 1378. до 1501.^[16][17] Сунити^[13] под снажним утицајем Персије,^[18][19][20] у својим последњим деценијама завладали су и Јерменијом, Азербејџаном, Ираком и већим делом Ирана.^[21][22][23]

Ак Којунлу Турци Белог Овна
Племенски савез Белог Овна у време највеће моћи (око 1478).
Географија
Континент		Азија
Регија		Блиски исток
Земља		Азербејџан, Јерменија, Иран, Турска, Ирак
Главни град		Багдад
Друштво
Службени језик		турски
Религија		ислам
Политика
Облик државе		монархија
Законодавна власт		Кенгач (законодавни)[1]
Историја
Историјско доба		1378–1503[а]
— Оснивање		1378.[3]
— Укидање		1501.
Географске и друге карактеристике
Валута		Акча[4] ашрафи[4] динар[4] танка[4] хасанбеги[5] (једнако са две акче)
Земље претходнице и наследнице
Претходнице:		Наследнице:
	Селџучко царство	Сафавиди
		Османско Царство
широко заступљени језици: персијски (службени језик двора, поезија)[6][б][7] азерски (династички, поезија)[8][9]

Историја

Византијски извори помињу Турке Белог Овна од 1340^[24], а као оснивач њихове државе помиње се Кара Осман (1378-1435)^[25], који је као Тимуров савезник добио поседе у Малој Азији после битке код Ангоре 1402. Највећи успон доживели су под вођством Узун Хасана (1423-1478)^[26], који је успешно ратовао против ривалске државе Кара Којунлу (Турци Црног Овна) и заузео Багдад и западни део Ирана^[27], а у савезу са Млетачком републиком ратовао је са Османлијама, од којих је 1473. поражен. После његове смрти држава Белог Овна брзо опада, да би 1501. коначно пала под власт Персије Сафавида.^[28]

Напомене

1. Међутим, неке крње државе Ак Коиунлуа наставиле су да владају до 1508. године, пре него што их је Исмаил I апсорбовао у Сафавидско царство.^[2]
2. ...Persian was primarily the language of poetry in the Aq Qoyunlu court.^[7]
3.  • Also referred to as the Aq Qoyunlu confederacy, the Aq Qoyunlu sultanate, the Aq Qoyunlu empire,^[1] the White Sheep confederacy.
    • Other spellings includes Ag Qoyunlu, Agh Qoyunlu or Ak Koyunlu.
    • Also mentioned as Bayanduriyye (Bayandurids) in Iranian^[10][5] и османски извори.^[11]
    • Also known as Tur-'Alids in Mamluk sources.^‍:34

Референце

1. „AQ QOYUNLŪ”. Encyclopaedia Iranica. 5. 8. 2011. стр. 163—168.CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
2. Charles Melville (2021). Safavid Persia in the Age of Empires: The Idea of Iran. 10. стр. 33. „Only after five more years did Esma‘il and the Qezelbash finally defeat the rump Aq Qoyunlu regimes. In Diyarbakr, the Mowsillu overthrew Zeynal b. Ahmad and then later gave their allegiance to the Safavids when the Safavids invaded in 913/1507. The following year the Safavids conquered Iraq and drove out Soltan-Morad, who fled to Anatolia and was never again able to assert his claim to Aq Qoyunlu rule. It was therefore only in 1508 that the last regions of Aq Qoyunlu power finally fell to Esma‘il.”
3. Faruk Sümer (1988—2016). „AKKOYUNLULAR XV. yüzyılda Doğu Anadolu, Azerbaycan ve Irak’ta hüküm süren Türkmen hânedanı (1340–1514)”. TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (на језику: Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies.CS1 одржавање: Непрепознат језик (веза)
4. „Coins from the tribal federation of Aq Qoyunlu”.
5. Faruk Sümer (1988—2016). „UZUN HASAN (ö. 882/1478) Akkoyunlu hükümdarı (1452–1478).”. TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (на језику: Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies.CS1 одржавање: Непрепознат језик (веза)
6. Arjomand, Saïd Amir (2016). „Unity of the Persianate World under Turko-Mongolian Domination and Divergent Development of Imperial Autocracies in the Sixteenth Century”. Journal of Persianate Studies. 9 (1): 11. doi:10.1163/18747167-12341292. „The disintegration of Timur’s empire into a growing number of Timurid principalities ruled by his sons and grandsons allowed the remarkable rebound of the Ottomans and their westward conquest of Byzantium as well as the rise of rival Turko-Mongolian nomadic empires of the Aq Qoyunlu and Qara Qoyunlu in western Iran, Iraq, and eastern Anatolia. In all of these nomadic empires, however, Persian remained the official court language and the Persianate ideal of kingship prevailed.”
7. Erkinov 2015, стр. 62.
8. Lazzarini, Isabella (2015). Communication and Conflict: Italian Diplomacy in the Early Renaissance, 1350-1520 (на језику: енглески). Oxford University Press. стр. 244. ISBN 978-0-19-872741-5.
9. Javadi & Burrill 2012.
10. Seyfettin Erşahin (2002). Akkoyunlular: siyasal, kültürel, ekonomik ve sosyal tarih (на језику: турски). стр. 317.
11. International Journal of Turkish Studies. 4—5. University of Wisconsin. 1987. стр. 272.
12. C.E. Bosworth; R. Bulliet (1996). The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Columbia University Press. стр. 275. ISBN 978-0-231-10714-3.
13. Michael M. Gunter (2010). Historical dictionary of the Kurds. стр. 29.
14. Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, vol. 1. Santa-Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio. стр. 431. ISBN 978-159884-336-1.. "His Qizilbash army overcame the massed forces of the dominant Ak Koyunlu (White Sheep) Turkomans at Sharur in 1501...".
15. The Book of Dede Korkut (F.Sumer, A.Uysal, W.Walker изд.). University of Texas Press. 1972. стр. Introduction. ISBN 0-292-70787-8.. "Better known as Turkomans... the interim Ak-Koyunlu and Karakoyunlu dynasties..."
16. Erdem, Ilham. "The Aq-qoyunlu State from the Death of Osman Bey to Uzun Hasan Bey (1435-1456)." “The creator of the Aq-Qoyunlu principality founded in the region of Diyarbakır was Kara Yülük Osman Bey, a member of the Bayındır tribe of the Oghuz.”. 2008.
17. Pines, Yuri; Biran, Michal; Rüpke, Jörg (21. 1. 2021). The Limits of Universal Rule: Eurasian Empires Compared. Cambridge University Press. стр. 265. ISBN 9781108488631.CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
18. Kaushik Roy. Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400-1750, (Bloomsbury, 2014), 38;"Post-Mongol Persia and Iraq were ruled by two tribal confederations: Akkoyunlu (White Sheep) (1378–1507) and Qaraoyunlu (Black Sheep). They were Persianate Turkoman Confederations of Anatolia (Asia Minor) and Azerbaijan."
19. Ак Којунлу at Encyclopædia Iranica; "Christian sedentary inhabitants were not totally excluded from the economic, political, and social activities of the Āq Qoyunlū state and that Qara ʿOṯmān had at his command at least a rudimentary bureaucratic apparatus of the Iranian-Islamic type. [...] With the conquest of Iran, not only did the Āq Qoyunlū center of power shift eastward, but Iranian influences were soon brought to bear on their method of government and their culture."
20. Kaushik Roy (2014). Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400–1750. Bloomsbury., 38; "Post-Mongol Persia and Iraq were ruled by two tribal confederations: Akkoyunlu (White Sheep) (1378–1507) and Qaraoyunlu (Black Sheep). They were Persianate Turkoman Confederations of Anatolia (Asia Minor) and Azerbaijan."
21. electricpulp.com. „AQ QOYUNLŪ – Encyclopaedia Iranica”. www.iranicaonline.org. Приступљено 25. 3. 2018.
22. Potts, Daniel T. (2014). Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era. Oxford University Press. стр. 216. ISBN 978-0-19-933079-9.
23. Wink, André (1991). Indo-Islamic society: 14th - 15th centuries. 3. Brill. стр. 192. ISBN 9004135618.
24. Sinclair, T.A. (1989). Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey. I. Pindar Press. стр. 111. ISBN 9780907132325.
25. Robert MacHenry (1993). The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. стр. 184. ISBN 978-0-85229-571-7.
26. Rosemarie Quiring-Zoche, "Aq Qoyunlu" Архивирано 2007-10-07 на сајту , Encyclopædia Iranica.
27. H.R. Roemer, "The Safavid Period", in Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. VI, Cambridge University Press 1986, p. 339: "Further evidence of a desire to follow in the line of Turkmen rulers is Ismail's assumption of the title 'Padishah-i-Iran', previously held by Uzun Hasan."
28. Woods, John E. (1999). The Aqquyunlu: Clan, Confederation, Empire. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. стр. 125. ISBN 978-0-87480-565-9.

Литература

• Charles Melville (2021). Safavid Persia in the Age of Empires: The Idea of Iran. 10. стр. 33. „Only after five more years did Esma‘il and the Qezelbash finally defeat the rump Aq Qoyunlu regimes. In Diyarbakr, the Mowsillu overthrew Zeynal b. Ahmad and then later gave their allegiance to the Safavids when the Safavids invaded in 913/1507. The following year the Safavids conquered Iraq and drove out Soltan-Morad, who fled to Anatolia and was never again able to assert his claim to Aq Qoyunlu rule. It was therefore only in 1508 that the last regions of Aq Qoyunlu power finally fell to Esma‘il.”
• Bosworth, Clifford (1996). The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual (2nd изд.). ISBN 978-0-231-10714-3.. Columbia University Press, New York. .
• Eagles, Jonathan (2014). Stephen the Great and Balkan Nationalism: Moldova and Eastern European History. I.B. Tauris.
• Morby, John (2002). Dynasties of the World: A Chronological and Genealogical Handbook (2nd изд.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-860473-0.
• Thomas, David; Chesworth, John A., ур. (2015). Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History: Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa and South America. 7. Непознати параметар |bbpublisher= игнорисан (помоћ)
• Woods, John E. (1999). The Aqquyunlu: Clan, Confederation, Empire (2nd изд.). Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. ISBN 978-0-87480-565-9..
• Muʾayyid S̲ābitī, ʻAlī (1967). Asnad va Namahha-yi Tarikhi (Historical documents and letters from early Islamic period towards the end of Shah Ismaʻil Safavi's reign.). Iranian culture & literature. Kitābkhānah-ʾi Ṭahūrī.
• Javadi, H.; Burrill, K. (24. 5. 2012). „Azerbaijan x. Azeri Turkish Literature”. Encyclopaedia Iranica. „"Among the Azeri poets of the 15th century mention should be made of Ḵaṭāʾi Tabrizi. He wrote a maṯnawi entitled Yusof wa Zoleyḵā, and dedicated it to the Aqqoyunlu Sultan Yaʿqub (r. 1478–90), who himself wrote poetry in Azeri Turkish."”CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
• Daʿadli, Tawfiq (2019). Esoteric Images: Decoding the Late Herat School of Painting. Brill.
• Erkinov, Aftandil (2015). Превод: Bean, Scott. „From Herat to Shiraz: the Unique Manuscript (876/1471) of 'Alī Shīr Nawā'ī's Poetry from Aq Qoyunlu Circle”. Cahiers d'Asie centrale. 24: 47—79.
• Lane, George (2016). „Turkoman confederations, the (Aqqoyunlu and Qaraqoyunlu)”. Ур.: Dalziel, N.; MacKenzie, J.M. The Encyclopedia of Empire. стр. 1—5. ISBN 978-1118455074. doi:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe193.
• Langaroodi, Reza Rezazadeh; Negahban, Farzin (2015). „Āq-qūyūnlū”. Ур.: Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad. Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831.
• Lingwood, C. G. (2011). „The qebla of Jāmi is None Other than Tabriz": ʿAbd al-Rahmān Jāmi and Naqshbandi Sufism at the Aq Qoyunlu Royal Court”. Journal of Persianate Studies. 4 (2): 233—245. doi:10.1163/187471611X600404.
• Lingwood, Chad G. (2014). Politics, Poetry, and Sufism in Medieval Iran. Brill.
• Markiewicz, Christopher (2019). The Crisis of Kingship in Late Medieval Islam: Persian Emigres and the Making of Ottoman Sovereignty. Cambridge University Press.^{[недостаје ISBN]}
• Morby, John (2002). Dynasties of the World: A Chronological and Genealogical Handbook (2nd изд.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860473-4.. England.
• Potts, Daniel T. (2014). Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era. стр. 7. „Indeed, the Bayundur clan to which the Aq-qoyunlu rulers belonged, bore the same name and tamgha (symbol) as that of an Oghuz clan.”

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