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Haiku (俳句) is a type of Japanese poetry. Previously called hokku, haiku was given its current name by the Japanese writer Masaoka Shiki at the end of the 19th century.
The traditional hokku usually was written in six verses or more or less 5, 7, 5 syllables and they had to follow[clarification needed] (on-ji). The Japanese word cow, meaning "sound", corresponds to a mora, a phonetic unit similar but not identical to the syllable of a language such as English. A haiku has a special season word (the kigo) to represent the season in which the poem is set, or a reference to the natural world.
Haiku usually breaks in three parts, called kireji, normally placed at the end of the first five or second seven morae. In Japanese, there are actual kireji words. In English, kireji is often replaced with commas, hyphens, elipses, or breaks in the haiku. Japanese haiku are normally written in one line, while English language haiku are traditionally separated into three lines.
In Japanese, nouns do not have different singular and plural forms, so "haiku" is used as both a singular and plural noun in English as well.
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Japanese hokku and haiku are traditionally printed in one vertical line.
- An example of classic hokku by poet Bashō:
- 古池や蛙飛込む水の音
- Furu ike ya kawazu tobikomu mizu no oto
- An old pond
- When the frogs jump in
- The sound of water
- Another haiku by Bashō:
Pre-Shiki period (hokku)
- Matsuo Bashō (1644–1694)
- Onitsura (1661–1738)
- Yosa Buson (1716–1783)
- Kobayashi Issa (1763–1827)
Shiki and later (haiku)
- Masaoka Shiki (1867–1902)
- Kawahigashi Hekigotō (1873–1937)
- Takahama Kyoshi (1874–1959)
- Taneda Santoka (1882–1940)
- Iida Dakotsu (1885–1962)
- Nakamura Kusatao (1901–1983)
Non-Japanese poets
All of the poets below have some haiku. However, only Hackett and Virgilio are known for writing haiku. Richard Wright wrote some 4000 haiku in the last eighteen months of his life. Amiri Baraka recently wrote a collection of what he calls "low coup." This is his own version of haiku. Poet Sonia Sanchez is also known for putting together haiku and the blues musical genre.
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Wikisource has original writing related to this article:
- Haiku for You
- "Aha! poetry" Archived 2010-09-22 at the Wayback Machine: Website with essays on and examples of haiku and related forms
- "Daily Haiku by Wisteria Press" Archived 2019-10-23 at the Wayback Machine: Website offering a free daily haiku via email
- Haiku Society of America
- Wonder Haiku Worlds: A community portal for haiku and related forms
- In the moonlight a worm… Archived 2010-09-06 at the Wayback Machine: Ideas for teaching haiku writing that go beyond the syllable rule
- Haiku for People Archived 2006-08-13 at the Wayback Machine – Haiku definitions and samples, online since 1995
- Shiki Haikusphere and NOBO list Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine
- Spanish Haikus[permanent dead link]
- "Young Leaves": Website of the Yuki Teikei Haiku Society showing the use of Japanese traditions in English-language haiku
- "Versions" Archived 2007-08-21 at the Wayback Machine: International community of haiku and tanka translators
- Haiku Society
- Haiku poems at Irreferencias (spanish)
- Random Haiku - random haikus with an API for your blog, myspace, Facebook profile Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
Hokku
- Page on Yone Noguchi and hokku at Ehime University Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
- David Coomler's blog with essays and information on hokku Archived 2007-08-19 at the Wayback Machine
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