Indigenous Australians are the native people of Australia. They include the Aboriginal Australians as well as Torres Strait Islanders, and are often known together as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.[1]

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Picture of an Aboriginal man in the Albert Namatjira art gallery, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia

The first Indigenous Australians were hunter-gatherers who migrated from southeast Asia. Scientists do not know exactly when (or how) they arrived, but it was at least 60,000 years ago.[2][3][4][5]

Many Indigenous Australians suffered when, starting in 1788, the first Europeans arrived. Many caught diseases from the Europeans (British and Irish people) and/or lost their hunting lands.[6]

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Aboriginal man playing a didgeridoo

History of Aboriginal Australia

The first people of Australia were nomads who came to Australia from southeast Asia at least 60,000 years ago.[2] As hunter-gatherers, they used weapons like boomerangs, sticks, and spears to kill animals for food.

When the British came to Australia in 1788, they called these native people "aboriginals", meaning people who had lived there since the earliest times.

There are now about 650,000 Aboriginal people living in Australia.[7][8]

Beliefs

Aboriginal Australians believe in a process of creation called Dreamtime, when their animal, plant, and human ancestors created the world and everything in it.

There are many songs and stories about Dreamtime, which generations of Aboriginal people have passed down to their children.

Art

Aboriginal Australians have their own type of art. Paintings of the people, spirits, and animals of Dreamtime cover sacred cliffs and rocks in tribal territories. Some of the pictures are made in red and yellow ochre and white clay; others have been carved into the rocks. Many are thousands of years old.

Modern-day Aboriginal art is mostly based on old stories about Dreamtime.[9]

Boomerangs

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A typical boomerang shape

Boomerangs are one of a group of weapons known as "throwsticks". The typical boomerang is designed to be self-returning, but it has to be properly thrown.

Boomerangs have been discovered in cultures with no connection with Australia (such as ancient Egypt),[10] so they probably developed separately.

Modern computer-designed boomerangs may have three or four wings instead of the traditional two.[11]

Land claims

When British people came to live in Australia, they decided that the land was empty: that nobody "owned" the land, in the way Europeans used that word. This was called "terra nullius", Latin words for "empty land".[12]

In 1976, the Australian government gave Aboriginal people the right to use the land where their tribes were originally located. On 3 June, 1992, the High Court of Australia said that the idea of terra nullius was wrong, and the government brought in new laws, to set up Native Title.[12]

Under the new laws, an Aboriginal person can claim land as Aboriginal land if they can prove that:[12]

  • They have always used that land
  • The land has not been sold
  • The land was never changed by government acts

Population by region

More information Region, Population ...
Region Population Percentage of region
 Australia 798,365 3.3%
 New Zealand 795[13]
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