Bufonidae

Bufonidae is a family of the "true toads". The family has 35 genus. The Bufonidae toads are found almost everywhere and are well known. True toads can be found on every continent except Australia and Antarctica. They can be found in rain forest. They lay their eggs in strings. They will hatch and become tadpoles. However, the genus Nectophrynoides, their young will not develop from a tadpole stage.^[1]

True toads Temporal range: Paleocene – Recent 57 mya to present [1]
Common Toad or European Toad, Bufo bufo
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Amphibia
Order:	Anura
Family:	Bufonidae Gray, 1825
Genera
Over 35 (see text)
Distribution of Bufonidae (in black)

True toads do not have any tooth. Their skin looks like warts. They have a pair of parotoid glands on the back of their heads. These glands has alkaloid poison. They get this type of poison from stress. They have also other toxins such as Bufotoxin. Male toads has a Bidder's organ. The organ will become an active ovary if conditions are right. They will then become a female.

Taxonomy

Bufonidae has about 500 species among 37 genus.

Genus Latin Name and Author	Common Name	Species
Adenomus Cope, 1861		3
Altiphrynoides Dubois, 1987	Ethiopian Toads	2
Amietophrynus Frost et al., 2006		38
Andinophryne Hoogmoed, 1985	Andes Toads	3
Ansonia Stoliczka, 1870	Stream Toads	25
Atelopus Duméril & Bibron, 1841	Stubfoot Toads	82
Bufo Laurenti, 1768	Toads	150
Bufoides Pillai & Yazdani, 1973	Mawblang Toads	1
Capensibufo Grandison, 1980	Cape Toads	2
Churamiti Channing & Stanley, 2002		1
Crepidophryne Cope, 1889	Cerro Utyum Toads	3
Dendrophryniscus Jiménez de la Espada, 1871	Tree Toads	7
Didynamipus Andersson, 1903	Four-digit Toads	1
Duttaphrynus Frost et al., 2006		6
Epidalea Cope, 1864	Natterjack Toads	1
Frostius Cannatella, 1986	Frost's Toads	2
Ingerophrynus Frost et al., 2006		11
Laurentophryne Tihen, 1960	Parkers Tree Toads	1
Leptophryne Fitzinger, 1843	Indonesia Tree Toads	2
Melanophryniscus Gallardo, 1961	South American Redbelly Toads	20
Mertensophryne Tihen, 1960	Snouted Frogs	20
Metaphryniscus Señaris, Ayarzagüena & Gorzula, 1994		1
Nectophryne Buchholz & Peters, 1875	African Tree Toads	2
Nectophrynoides Noble, 1926	African Live-bearing Toads	13
Nimbaphrynoides Dubois, 1987	Nimba Toads	2
Oreophrynella Boulenger, 1895	Bush Toads	8
Osornophryne Ruiz-Carranza & Hernández-Camacho, 1976	Plump Toads	6
Parapelophryne Fei, Ye & Jiang, 2003		1
Pedostibes Günther, 1876	Asian Tree Toads	6
Pelophryne Barbour, 1938	Flathead Toads	9
Pseudepidalea Frost, et. al. 2006		16
Pseudobufo Tschudi, 1838	False Toads	1
Rhinella Fitzinger, 1826	Beaked Toads	72
Schismaderma Smith, 1849	African Split-skin Toads	1
Truebella Graybeal & Cannatella, 1995		2
Werneria Poche, 1903	Smalltongue Toads	6
Wolterstorffina Mertens, 1939	Wolterstorff Toads	3

References

1. Zweifel, Richard G. (1998). Cogger, H.G. & Zweifel, R.G. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 91–92. ISBN 0-12-178560-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)

Books

• "Amphibian Species of the World 5.1 - Bufonidae". Retrieved 2008-04-10.
• Stebbins, Robert. Western Reptiles & Amphibians (3rd ed.). Houghton Mifflin Co., 2003.
• Halliday, Tim R., and Kraig Adler (editors). The New Encyclopedia of Reptiles & Amphibians. Facts on File, New York, 2002.

Other websites

• Amphibian and Reptiles of Peninsular Malaysia - Family Bufonidae^{[permanent dead link]}
• FED.us
• Bufonidae recordings Archived 2011-09-30 at the Wayback Machine from the British Library Sound Archive
• Tolweb.org Archived 2022-04-23 at the Wayback Machine
• Bufonidae.com Archived 2022-04-11 at the Wayback Machine