2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
megathrust earthquake off the east coast of Japan From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami was a 9.0-magnitude earthquake followed by tsunami waves.[8] It was measured at 8.4 on the JMA seismic intensity scale[9][10] The earthquake happened 130 kilometres (81 mi) off Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, on the east coast of the Tōhoku of Japan, on March 11, 2011 at 05:46:23 UTC. It was at a depth of 24.4 km (15.2 miles).[11] It was the most powerful earthquake to hit Japan in recorded history.[12] It was also the fourth most powerful earthquake on Earth since record-keeping began in 1900.
 Smoke from the Sendai Nippon Oil refinery | |
   Tokyo Sendai | |
| UTC time | 2011-03-11 05:46:23 |
|---|---|
| ISC event | 16461282 |
| USGS-ANSS | ComCat |
| Local date | March 11, 2011 |
| Local time | 14:46:23 JST |
| Duration | 6 minutes |
| Magnitude | 9.0–9.1 (Mw) |
| Depth | 29 km (18 mi) |
| Epicenter | 38.322°N 142.369°E |
| Type | Megathrust |
| Areas affected | Japan (shaking, tsunami) Pacific Rim (tsunami) |
| Total damage | $360 billion USD |
| Max. intensity | XI (Extreme) JMA 7 |
| Peak acceleration | 2.99 g |
| Peak velocity | 117.41 cm/s |
| Tsunami | Up to 40.5 m (133 ft) in Miyako, Iwate, Tōhoku |
| Landslides | Yes |
| Foreshocks | List of foreshocks and aftershocks of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake |
| Aftershocks | 13,386 (as of 6 March 2018)[1] |
| Casualties | 15,897 deaths,[2] +2 (Overseas), 6,157 injured,[3] 2,533 people missing[4] |
| Citations | [5][6][7] |
On 10 February 2015, the Japanese National Police Agency report confirmed 15,890 deaths, 6,152 injured, and 2,590 people missing.[13]
Days before the main earthquake, there were several foreshocks. The biggest one was a 7.2 magnitude earthquake on 9 March, about 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the main earthquake's location.
The United States Geological Survey said the centre of the earthquake was 373 kilometres (232 mi) from Tokyo. A 7.7 aftershock happened 30 minutes following the first quake. There have been more than 600 aftershocks bigger than magnitude 4.5 or more.[14]
The earthquake started fires. The Shinkansen high speed bullet trains were stopped and Haneda Airport was closed after the quake.[15] Various train services around Japan were also stopped. Hundreds of flights to Japan were cancelled due to the earthquake and tsunami, affecting many people.[16] A large fire broke out at an oil refinery in Ichihara, Chiba prefecture.
The nuclear power plants shut down automatically. At first the Japanese Prime Minister said that no radioactive material leaked.[17] About 51,000 people were moved away from the nuclear reactor at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Fukushima city when its cooling system failed.[18] There are fears that the nuclear reactor might meltdown.[19]
The earthquake started a tsunami warning for Japan's Pacific coast and other countries, including New Zealand, Australia, Russia, Guam, Philippines, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Nauru, Hawaii, Northern Mariana Islands (USA) and Taiwan. The tsunami warning issued by Japan was the most serious on its warning scale. It warned that the wave could be as much as 10 meters high.[20] A 0.5 meter high wave hit Japan's northern coast.[21] Kyodo news agency reported a four-metre-high tsunami hit the Iwate Prefecture in Japan. Miyagi Prefecture was flooded, with waves carrying buildings and cars along as they travelled inland.[22] In some areas the waves reached 10 km inland.[23]
At 9:28 p.m (HST) the National Weather Service issued a tsunami warning until 7 a.m. for all of Hawaii.[24] Tsunami waves were expected to arrive in Hawaii at 2:59 am local time.[25] A wave two meters high reached California, after travelling across the Pacific Ocean at a speed of 500 kilometres per hour.[23] A man in California was drowned after being swept into the ocean while trying to take a photograph of the tsunami wave.[26]
Deaths–Injured–Missing
The Japanese National Police Agency has officially confirmed 15,890 deaths, 6,152 injured, and 2,590 people missing across 18 prefectures, as well as over 126,000 buildings damaged or destroyed.[13]
Nuclear disaster
The Fukushima nuclear disaster began on March 11 2011, just hours after the initial wave.[27][28] The connection to the electrical grid was broken. All power for cooling was lost and reactors started to overheat. There was a partial core meltdown in reactors 1, 2, and 3; hydrogen explosions destroyed the upper part of the buildings housing reactors 1, 3, and 4; an explosion damaged the containment inside reactor 2; fires broke out at reactor 4. Despite being initially shutdown, reactors 5 and 6 began to overheat. Spent nuclear fuel rods stored in pools in each reactor building overheated as water levels in the pools dropped. The accident is the second biggest nuclear accident after the Chernobyl disaster, but more complex as all reactors are involved.[29]
There were 4.4 million households that had their electricity supply cut off, including 11 nuclear power plants.[30]
Geophysical impact
The quake moved parts of northeast Japan as much as 2.4 meters (7.9 ft) closer to North America,[31][32] making parts of Japan's land "wider than before," according to geophysicist Ross Stein.[32] Areas of Japan closest to the epi-center shifted the most.[32]
The Pacific plate itself may have moved westwards by up to 20 m (66 ft).[33] Other estimates put the amount of slippage at as much as 40 m (130 ft), covering an area some 300 to 400 km (190 to 250 mi) long by 100 km (62 mi) wide. If confirmed, this would be one of the largest recorded fault movements to have been associated with an earthquake.[34]
According to Italy's National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, the earthquake shifted the Earth's axis by 25 centimeters (9.8 in). This deviation led to a number of small planetary changes, including the length of a day and the tilt of the Earth.[35] The speed of the Earth's rotation increased, shortening the day by 1.8 microseconds due to the redistribution of Earth's mass.[36]
The axial shift was caused by the redistribution of mass on the Earth's surface, which changed the planet's moment of inertia. Due to the conservation of angular momentum, such changes of inertia result in small changes to the Earth's rate of rotation.[37] These are expected changes for an earthquake of this magnitude.[31][35][36]
Transport
The Tōhoku Expressway, which serves northern Japan, had to be closed due to cracks on the roads.[38] The whole railway network was closed, but was reopened hours after the earthquake. Up to 100,000 people were stuck waiting for a ride straight out of the city.[39]
Television broadcast
In response to the great disaster, Emperor Akihito directly addressed his subjects in a television broadcast. This was the first time any emperor had used television in this way.[40]
There were other people from other countries helping people after this disaster. For example, Google set up a people finder service, which allowed users to ask for or post information about missing people.[41][42]
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