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ਆਇਰਲੈਂਡੀ ਦੇ ਧੁਨੀ-ਵਿਗਿਆਨ ਦੀ ਵਿਸਤਾਰ-ਸਹਿਤ ਚਰਚਾ ਲਈ ਵੇਖੋ ਆਇਰਲੈਂਡੀ ਧੁਨੀ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ।
ਵਿਅੰਜਨ | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ਮੋਕਲਾ[1] | ਪਤਲਾ[2] | ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ ਅੰਦਾਜ਼ੇ | |||
IPA | ਮਿਸਾਲ | IPA | ਮਿਸਾਲ | ||
bˠ | bain, scuab | bʲ | béal, cnáib | boot; beautiful | |
d̪ˠ | dorn, nead | dʲ | dearg, cuid | do (but dental), though in Hiberno-English; dew | |
fˠ | fós, graf pholl |
fʲ | fíon, stuif phríosún |
fool; fuel | |
ɡ | gasúr, bog | ɟ | geata, carraig | goose; argue | |
ɣ | dhorn ghasúr |
j | dhearg gheata |
(no equivalent); yellow | |
h[3] | Shasana, shean thaisce, theanga hata, na héisc |
hand | |||
k | cáis, mac | c | ceist, mic | coot; cute | |
l̪ˠ[4] | labhair, balla | l̠ʲ[4] | leabhair, goilleadh | filth; million | |
lˠ[4] | fhlaith, bealach | lʲ[4] | fhleasc, goile | pool; leaf | |
mˠ | mór, am | mʲ | milis, im | moot; mute | |
n̪ˠ[5] | naoi, donna | n̠ʲ[5] | ní, bainne | tenth; inch | |
nˠ[5] | dona | nʲ[5] | bainis | noon; new | |
ŋ | ngasúr | ɲ | ngeata | long; angular | |
pˠ | poll, stop | pʲ | príosún, truip | poor; pure | |
ɾˠ | rí, cuairt, barr, cairr | ɾʲ | fhréamh, tirim | rule (but tapped); real (but tapped) | |
sˠ | Sasana, tús, speal | ʃ | sean, cáis | soon; sheet | |
t̪ˠ | taisce, ceart | tʲ | tír, beirt | tool (but dental), thorn in Hiberno-English; tune | |
w[6] | bhain, dubh mhór, léamh vóta |
vʲ | bhéal, sibh mhilis, nimh veidhlín |
woo; view | |
x | cháis, taoiseach | ç | cheist, deich | loch (Scottish English); hue (pronounced strongly) |
ਸਵਰ | |||
---|---|---|---|
IPA | ਮਿਸਾਲਾਂ | ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ ਤੁਲ | |
a | mac | trap | |
aː | tá | llama | |
ɛ | ceist | best | |
eː | mé, Gael | pay | |
ɪ | ith, duine | kit | |
iː | mín | mean | |
ɔ | olc, deoch | cloth | |
oː | bó, ceol | roll | |
ʊ | dubh, fliuch | good | |
uː | tú | too | |
ə | solas, milis | sofa | |
iə | bia | idea | |
uə | fuar | truant | |
əi | saghas | light | |
əu | leabhar | about |
ਵਾਧੂ-ਵਿਭਾਜਕ | ||
---|---|---|
IPA | ਵੇਰਵਾ | |
ˈ | Primary stress (placed before the stressed syllable); usually the first syllable except in Munster | |
ˌ | Secondary stress (usually found only in compounds) |
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Materials published elsewhere use somewhat different conventions from those used at Wikipedia. For example, it is a longstanding tradition to leave velarized ("broad") consonants unmarked and mark palatalized ("slender") consonants with the prime, although this is not standard IPA usage.
This section compares the IPA system used at Wikipedia (which is based on that used by Ailbhe Ní Chasaide in her description of Irish in the Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, ISBN 0-521-63751-1) with the system used in some other works.
IPA | Ní Chasaide (1999)[7] (Gweedore) |
Quiggin (1906)[8] (Glenties) |
Breatnach (1947)[9] (Ring) |
Ó Sé (2000)[10] (Dingle Peninsula) |
Mhac an Fhailigh (1968)[11] (Erris) |
Ó Siadhail (1988)[12] (Cois Fhairrge) |
Foclóir Póca (1993)[13] (Lárchanúint) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | a | æ, α | a | a | a | æ:, a: | a |
aː | æ | α: | a: | ɑː | a: | ɑ: | a: |
bˠ | bˠ | b | b | b | b | b | b |
bʲ | bʲ | b′ | b′ | b′ | b′ | b′ | b′ |
c | c | k′ | k′ | k′ | k′ | k′ | k′ |
ç | ç | ç | ç | x′ | ç | x′ | x′ |
d̪ˠ | d̪ˠ | d | d | d | d | d | d |
dʲ | d̠ʲ | d′ | d′ | d′ | d′ | d′ | d′ |
eː | e | e: | e: | eː | e: | e: | e: |
ɛ | ɛ | ɛ, e | e | e | e | e | e |
ə | ə | ə | ə | ə, ɪ | ə | ə | ə |
əi | — | αi | əi | ai | əi | ai | ai |
əu | au | αu | əu | ou | əu | au | au |
fˠ | fˠ | f | f | f | f | f | f |
fʲ | fʲ | f′ | f′ | f′ | f′ | f′ | f′ |
ɡ | ɡ | g | g | ɡ | g | g | g |
ɣ | ɣ | ℊ | γ | ɣ | ɣ | ɣ | γ |
h | h | h | h, h′ | h | h | h | h |
iː | i | i: | i: | iː | i: | i: | i: |
ɪ | ɪ | ï, i, y | i | i | i | i | i |
iə | ia | iə | iə | iːə | iə | i:ə | iə |
j | j | j | j | ɣ′ | j | ɣ′ | γ′ |
ɟ | ɟ | g′ | g′ | ɡ′ | g′ | g′ | g′ |
k | k | k | k | k | k | k | k |
l̪ˠ | l̪ˠ | L | l | l | L | L | l |
lˠ | l | l | |||||
l̠ʲ | l̠ʲ | L′ | l′ | l′ | L′ | L′ | l′ |
lʲ | l | l′ | l′ | l′ | |||
mˠ | mˠ | m | m | m | m | m | m |
mʲ | mʲ | m′ | m′ | m′ | m′ | m′ | m′ |
n̪ˠ | n̪ˠ | N | n | n | N | N | n |
nˠ | n | n | n | ||||
n̠ʲ | n̠ʲ | N′ | n′ | n′ | N′ | N′ | n′ |
nʲ | n′ | n′ | n′ | ||||
ɲ | ɲ | ɲ | ŋ′ | ŋ′ | ŋ′ | ŋ′ | ŋ′ |
ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ |
oː | o | o:, ɔ: | o: | oː | o: | o: | o: |
ɔ | ʌ | ɔ, o̤ | o | o | o | o | o |
pˠ | pˠ | p | p | p | p | p | p |
pʲ | pʲ | p′ | p′ | p′ | p′ | p′ | p′ |
ɾˠ | ɾˠ | r, R | r | r | r | r | r |
ɾʲ | ɾʲ | r′ | r′ | r′ | r′ | r′ | r′ |
sˠ | sˠ | s | s | s | s | s | s |
ʃ | ɕ | ʃ | ʃ | ʃ | ʃ | s′ | s′ |
t̪ˠ | t̪ˠ | t | t | t | t | t | |
tʲ | t̠ʲ | t′ | t′ | t′ | t′ | t′ | t′ |
uː | u | u: | u: | uː | u: | u: | u: |
ʊ | ɤ | U | u | u | u | u | u |
uə | ua | uə | uə | uːə | uə | u:ə | uə |
vʲ | vʲ | v | v′ | v′ | v′ | w′ | v′ |
w | w | w | v | v | w | w | v |
x | x | χ | x | x | x | x | x |
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