ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ନିର୍ବାଚନ

ସବୁ ଗଣତନ୍ତ୍ରର ନିର୍ବାଚନ ପଦ୍ଧତିଠାରୁ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ଓ ଉପରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ନିର୍ବାଚନ ପଦ୍ଧତି ସମ୍ପ୍ପୂର୍ଣ ଭିନ୍ନ । ଏଥିରେ ସିଧାସଳଖ ଭୋଟ ନ ହେଇ ପଞ୍ଜୀକୃତ ଭୋଟରମାନେ ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ନିର୍ବାଚନ କଲେଜର ଏକ ସଦସ୍ୟ ଦଳଙ୍କୁ ଭୋଟ ଦିଅନ୍ତି । ଯେଉଁମାନେ ବିଜୟୀ ହୁଅନ୍ତି, ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ନିର୍ବାଚକ ( electot ) କୁହା ଯାଏ । ତା ପର ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାୟରେ ଏହି ସବୁ ନିର୍ବାଚକ ସିଧାସଳଖ ଭୋଟ ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ଓ ଉପରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ଯୋଡିଙ୍କୁ ନିର୍ବାଚନ କରନ୍ତି । ଯଦି ଏହି ନିର୍ବାଚନରେ କେହି ନିରଙ୍କୁଶ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଗରିଷ୍ଠତା ନ ପାଆନ୍ତି , ତେବେ ପୁଣି ପ୍ରତିନିଧି ସଭା ( House of commons ) ନିଷ୍ପତ୍ତି ନିଏ କିଏ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ହେବେ । ଉପରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ପାଇଁ ସିନେଟ ନିଷ୍ପତ୍ତି ନିଏ ।  

ନିର୍ବାଚନ ଦିବସ : ଆମେରିକାରେ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ନିର୍ବାଚନ ପ୍ରତି ଚାରି ବର୍ଷରେ ଥରେ ହୁଏ । ଆମେରିକାର ସବିଧାନ ଅନୁସାରେ ଏହି ଦିବସ ସ୍ଥାୟୀ ଭାବରେ ନିର୍ଧାରିତ ହୋଇଛି । ନଭେମ୍ବର ମାସର ପ୍ରଥମ ସୋମବାର ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ମଙ୍ଗଳନାର ହିଁ ନିର୍ବାଚନ ଦିବସ ରୂପେ ସ୍ଥିର ହୁଏ । ୨୦୧୬ରେ ହେବାକୁ ଥିବା ନିର୍ବାଚନ ପାଇଁ ସେହି ଅନୁସାରେ ନଭେମ୍ବର ୮ ତାରିଖ , ୨୦୧୬କୁ ସ୍ଥିରୀକୃତ ହେଇଛି । 

ନିର୍ବାଚନ  ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ

ଆବଶ୍ୟକୀୟ ଯୋଗ୍ୟତା 

ଅମରିକୀୟ ସମ୍ବିଧାନ ବର୍ଣିତ "ପ୍ପ୍ରାକ୍ରୁତିକ ଭାବେ ଜନ୍ମିତ ନାଗରିକ "ର ବ୍ୟାଖ୍ୟା , ୧୭୮୭ରେ ପ୍ରକାଶିତ ହସ୍ତଲିଖିତ ଦଲିଲ 

ସମ୍ବିଧାନ ଅନୁସାରେ ଆମେରିକା ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ହେବା ପାଇଁ ଜଣେ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ନିଶ୍ଚୟ ଅମରିକା ର "ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ଭାବେ ଜନ୍ମିତ ନାଗରିକ " ହେଇଥିବା ଦରକାର , ୩୫ ବର୍ଷରୁ ଉର୍ଦ୍ଧ ହେବା ଦରକାର , ଏବଂ ଆମେରିକାରେ ୧୪ ବର୍ଷରୁ ଉର୍ଦ୍ଧ ସମୟ ଅବସ୍ଥାନ କରି ସାରିଥିବା ଦରକାର । ପୁନଶ୍ଚ ୨୨ ତମ ସମ୍ବିଧାନ ସଂଶୋଧନ ଅନୁସାରେ ଜଣେ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ୨ ଥରରୁ ଅଧିକ ଥର ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି ହେଇ ପାରିବେ ନାହିଁ ।

ସେହିପରି ଉପରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତି। ପ୍ରାର୍ଥୀ  ମଧ୍ୟ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତିଙ୍କ ପରି ସବୁ ଯୋଗ୍ୟତା ଥିବା ନିଧାର୍ଯ୍ୟ । 

୨୦୦୮ରେ ଗଣତନ୍ତ୍ରୀକ ଦଳର ପ୍ରାରମ୍ଭିକ ନିର୍ବାଚନ ସଭା IOWA ସହର ରେ 

ମାଡିସନ ସ୍କୋୟାର ବଗିଚା , ୧୯୭୮,୮୦ ଓ ୯୨ରେ ଗଣତନ୍ତ୍ର ଦଳର ଜାତୀୟ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀ ସ୍ଥଳ ଓ ସମାଜବାଦୀ ଦଳର ୨୦୦୪ ଜାତୀୟ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀ ସ୍ଥଳ 

୨୦୦୮ ପାଇଁ ସମାଜବାଦୀ ଜାତୀୟ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀ ସ୍ଥଳ , ମିନେସୋଟା ସହର ରେ 

ଭୋଟ ପ୍ରଦାନ ପଦ୍ଧତି

୨୦୦୮ରେ ଟେକ୍ସସରେ ଜଣେ ଭୋଟର ବୋତେ ଦଉଥିବାର ଦୃଶ୍ୟ

 ଇଲେକଟୋରାଳ କଲେଜ 

୨୦୧୨ ନିର୍ବାଚନରେ ଗଣତାନ୍ତ୍ରିକ ପ୍ରାର୍ଥୀ ବାରକ ଓବାମା ଜିତିଥିବା ୩୩୨ ଇଲେକଟୋରଳ ଭୋଟ (ନୀଳ ରଙ୍ଗ ଚିହ୍ନିତ ) ଓ ତାଙ୍କ ପ୍ରତିଦ୍ୱନ୍ଦୀ ମିଟ୍ଟ ରୋମନୀ ପାଇଥିବା ୨୦୬ ଭୋଟ (ଲାଲ ରଙ୍ଗ ଚିହ୍ନିତ )

ପୂର୍ବତନ ନିର୍ବାଚନମାନଙ୍କ ସାରଣୀ 

Order	Election year	Winner	Other major candidates[୧]
1st	1788–1789	George Washington (no party) – 69 electoral votes	John Adams** (no party) – 34 electoral votes John Jay (no party) – 9 Robert H. Harrison (no party) – 6 John Rutledge (no party) – 6
2nd	1792	George Washington (no party) – 132	John Adams** (Federalist) – 77 George Clinton (Democratic-Republican) – 50
3rd	1796	John Adams (Federalist) – 71	Thomas Jefferson** (Democratic-Republican) – 68 Thomas Pinckney (Federalist) – 59 Aaron Burr (Democratic-Republican) – 30 Samuel Adams (Democratic-Republican) – 15 Oliver Ellsworth (Federalist) – 11 George Clinton (Democratic-Republican) – 7
4th	1800	Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) – 73[୨]	Aaron Burr** (Democratic-Republican) – 73[୨] John Adams (Federalist) – 65 Charles Cotesworth Pinckney (Federalist) – 64
5th	1804	Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) – 162	Charles Cotesworth Pinckney (Federalist) – 14
6th	1808	James Madison (Democratic-Republican) – 122	Charles Cotesworth Pinckney (Federalist) – 47 George Clinton (Democratic-Republican) – 6 James Monroe (Democratic-Republican) – 0
7th	1812	James Madison (Democratic-Republican) – 128	DeWitt Clinton (Federalist) – 89
8th	1816	James Monroe (Democratic-Republican) – 183	Rufus King (Federalist) – 34
9th	1820	James Monroe (Democratic-Republican) – 228/231 [୩]	John Quincy Adams (Democratic-Republican) – 1
10th	1824*†	John Quincy Adams* (Democratic-Republican) – 84[୪]	Andrew Jackson† (Democratic-Republican) – 99[୪] William H. Crawford (Democratic-Republican) – 41 Henry Clay (Democratic-Republican) – 37
11th	1828	Andrew Jackson (Democratic) – 178	John Quincy Adams (National Republican) – 83
12th	1832	Andrew Jackson (Democratic) – 219	Henry Clay (National Republican) – 49 John Floyd (Nullifier) – 11 William Wirt (Anti-Masonic) – 7
13th	1836	Martin Van Buren (Democratic) – 170	William Henry Harrison (Whig) – 73 Hugh Lawson White (Whig) – 26 Daniel Webster (Whig) – 14 Willie Person Mangum (Whig) – 11
14th	1840	William Henry Harrison (Whig) – 234	Martin Van Buren (Democratic) – 60
15th	1844*	James K. Polk* (Democratic) – 170	Henry Clay (Whig) – 105 James G. Birney (Liberty) – 0
16th	1848*	Zachary Taylor (Whig) – 163	Lewis Cass (Democratic) – 127 Martin Van Buren (Free Soil) – 0
17th	1852	Franklin Pierce (Democratic) – 254	Winfield Scott (Whig) – 42 John P. Hale (Free Soil) – 0
18th	1856*	James Buchanan* (Democratic) – 174	John C. Frémont (Republican) – 114 Millard Fillmore (American Party/Whig) – 8
19th	1860*	Abraham Lincoln* (Republican) – 180	John C. Breckinridge (Southern Democratic) – 72 John Bell (Constitutional Union) – 39 Stephen A. Douglas (Northern Democratic) – 12
20th	1864[୫]	Abraham Lincoln (National Union) – 212	George B. McClellan (Democratic) – 21
21st	1868	Ulysses S. Grant (Republican) – 214	Horatio Seymour (Democratic) – 80
22nd	1872	Ulysses S. Grant (Republican) – 286	Horace Greeley (Democratic/Liberal Republican) – 0[୬] Thomas A. Hendricks (Democratic) – 42 B. Gratz Brown (Democratic/Liberal Republican) – 18 Charles J. Jenkins (Democratic) – 2
23rd	1876*‡	Rutherford B. Hayes* (Republican) – 185	Samuel J. Tilden‡ (Democratic) – 184
24th	1880*	James A. Garfield* (Republican) – 214	Winfield Scott Hancock (Democratic) – 155 James Weaver (Greenback) – 0
25th	1884*	Grover Cleveland* (Democratic) – 219	James G. Blaine (Republican) – 182 John St. John (Prohibition) – 0 Benjamin Franklin Butler (Greenback) – 0
26th	1888*†	Benjamin Harrison* (Republican) – 233	Grover Cleveland† (Democratic) – 168 Clinton B. Fisk (Prohibition) – 0 Alson Streeter (Union Labor) – 0
27th	1892*	Grover Cleveland* (Democratic) – 277	Benjamin Harrison (Republican) – 145 James Weaver (Populist) – 22 John Bidwell (Prohibition) – 0
28th	1896	William McKinley (Republican) – 271	William Jennings Bryan (Democratic/Populist) – 176
29th	1900	William McKinley (Republican) – 292	William Jennings Bryan (Democratic) – 155 John Woolley (Prohibition) – 0
30th	1904	Theodore Roosevelt (Republican) – 336	Alton B. Parker (Democratic) – 140 Eugene V. Debs (Socialist) – 0 Silas C. Swallow (Prohibition) – 0
31st	1908	William Howard Taft (Republican) – 321	William Jennings Bryan (Democratic) – 162 Eugene V. Debs (Socialist) – 0 Eugene W. Chafin (Prohibition) – 0
32nd	1912*	Woodrow Wilson* (Democratic) – 435	Theodore Roosevelt (Progressive) – 88 William Howard Taft (Republican) – 8 Eugene V. Debs (Socialist) – 0 Eugene W. Chafin (Prohibition) – 0
33rd	1916*	Woodrow Wilson* (Democratic) – 277	Charles Evans Hughes (Republican) – 254 Allan L. Benson (Socialist) – 0 James Hanly (Prohibition) – 0
34th	1920	Warren G. Harding (Republican) – 404	James M. Cox (Democratic) – 127 Eugene V. Debs (Socialist) – 0
35th	1924	Calvin Coolidge (Republican) – 382	John W. Davis (Democratic) – 136 Robert M. La Follette, Sr. (Progressive) – 13
36th	1928	Herbert Hoover (Republican) – 444	Al Smith (Democratic) – 87
37th	1932	Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democratic) – 472	Herbert Hoover (Republican) – 59 Norman Thomas (Socialist) – 0
38th	1936	Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democratic) – 523	Alf Landon (Republican) – 8 William Lemke (Union) – 0
39th	1940	Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democratic) – 449	Wendell Willkie (Republican) – 82
40th	1944	Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democratic) – 432	Thomas E. Dewey (Republican) – 99
41st	1948*	Harry S. Truman* (Democratic) – 303	Thomas E. Dewey (Republican) – 189 Strom Thurmond (States' Rights Democratic) – 39 Henry A. Wallace (Progressive/Labor) – 0
42nd	1952	Dwight D. Eisenhower (Republican) – 442	Adlai Stevenson (Democratic) – 89
43rd	1956	Dwight D. Eisenhower (Republican) – 457	Adlai Stevenson (Democratic) – 73
44th	1960*	John F. Kennedy* (Democratic) – 303	Richard Nixon (Republican) – 219 Harry F. Byrd (Democratic) – 15[୭]
45th	1964	Lyndon B. Johnson (Democratic) – 486	Barry Goldwater (Republican) – 52
46th	1968*	Richard Nixon* (Republican) – 301	Hubert Humphrey (Democratic) – 191 George C. Wallace (American Independent) – 46
47th	1972	Richard Nixon (Republican) – 520	George McGovern (Democratic) – 17 John G. Schmitz (American) – 0 John Hospers (Libertarian) – 1
48th	1976	Jimmy Carter (Democratic) – 297	Gerald Ford (Republican) – 240
49th	1980	Ronald Reagan (Republican) – 489	Jimmy Carter (Democratic) – 49 John B. Anderson (no party) – 0 Ed Clark (Libertarian) – 0
50th	1984	Ronald Reagan (Republican) – 525	Walter Mondale (Democratic) – 13
51st	1988	George H. W. Bush (Republican) – 426	Michael Dukakis (Democratic) – 111
52nd	1992*	Bill Clinton* (Democratic) – 370	George H. W. Bush (Republican) – 168 Ross Perot (no party) – 0
53rd	1996*	Bill Clinton* (Democratic) – 379	Bob Dole (Republican) – 159 Ross Perot (Reform) – 0
54th	2000*†	George W. Bush* (Republican) – 271	Al Gore† (Democratic) – 266 Ralph Nader (Green) – 0
55th	2004	George W. Bush (Republican) – 286	John Kerry (Democratic) – 251
56th	2008	Barack Obama (Democratic) – 365	John McCain (Republican) – 173
57th	2012	Barack Obama (Democratic) – 332	Mitt Romney (Republican) – 206

1. A “major candidate” is defined as a candidate receiving at least 1.0% of the total popular vote or more than one electoral vote for elections including and after 1824, or greater than 5 electoral votes for elections including and before 1820.
2. Both Burr and Jefferson received the same number of electoral votes.
3. There was a dispute as to whether Missouri's electoral votes in 1820 were valid, because of the timing of its assumption of statehood.
4. None of the four presidential candidates in 1824 received a majority of the electoral vote, so the presidential election was decided by the House of Representatives
5. Because of the American Civil War, all of the states in rebellion did not participate
6. Greeley came in second in the popular vote but died before electoral votes were cast.
7. Byrd was not directly on the 1960 ballot.

External links

• The American Presidency Project (UC Santa Barbara: 52,000+ Presidential Documents)
• Electoral College Box Scores
• Teaching about Presidential Elections Archived 2016-04-25 at the Wayback Machine.
• All the maps since 1840 by counties (French language site)
• Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections
• History of U.S. Presidential Elections: 1789-2004 Archived 2008-05-17 at the Wayback Machine.
• Graphic election results from 1952 to 2008 broken down by state (Java Applet)
• A history of the presidency from the point of view of Vermont Discusses history of American presidential elections with two states as opposite "poles", Vermont, and Alabama
• The Living Room Candidate: A Compilation of Presidential Television Ads
• Presidential Elections, from History.com
• A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825
• How close were Presidential Elections? - Michael Sheppard, Michigan State University
• Better World Links on the U.S. Presidential Election
• Presidential Elections: Resource Guides from the Library of Congress
• U.S. Election Statistics: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress
•  "Electoral Votes". New International Encyclopedia. 1905. This is a tabulation of the electoral votes by election year, and also includes the results for Vice President.