Ini adalah senarai tempur lengkap bagi Pertempuran Jutland yang berlangsung di antara 31 Mei dan 1 Jun 1916. Pertempuran ini melibatkan 250 buah kapal perang tentera laut British dan Jerman, dan, apabila digabungkan tanan kapal-kapal yang terlibat, merupakan pertempuran laut terbesar dalam sejarah.
Armada Besar (Grand Fleet)[2][3] adalah pasukan utama Armada Tanahair (Home Fleet) British pada tahun 1916, berpengkalan di Scapa Flow di Pulau Orkney dan Invergordon di Muara Cromarty, Scotland[lower-alpha 1].
Panglima Armada Besar: Adm Sir John Rushworth Jellicoe, K.C.B., K.C.V.O. in HMS Iron Duke
Timbalan Panglima Armada Besar: VAdm Sir Cecil Burney, K.C.B., K.C.M.G. in HMS Marlborough.
Ketua Staf: VAdm Sir Charles Edward Madden, K.C.B., C.V.O.; Kepten Armada: Cdre Lionel Halsey, C.B., C.M.G., AdC.; Pegawai Armada: Capt Oliver Elles Leggett; leftenan berbendera: Cdr the Hon. Matthew Robert Best, M.V.O., Cdr Charles Morton Forbes, Cdr Alexander Raill Wadham, Cdr Richard Lindsay Nicholson
Kapal tempur
Armada Besar mempunyai sejumlah 32 buah kapal Dreadnought dan kapal tempur Super-Dreadnought yang siap-sedia digunakan pada masa Jutland. Antaranya, 28 kapal mengambil bahagian, disusun dalam 4 Skuadron Tempur.[4] 24 buah kapal dari Skuadron Tempur Pertama, Ke-2 dan Ke-4 membentuk pasukan utama Armada, dan disenaraikan dibawah susunan dari barisan depan ke belakang berikutan aturgerak mereka untuk menyerang armada Jerman, 6:30pm 31 Mei 1916.
[lower-alpha 2]
2nd Battle Squadron (Kapal tempur)
[lower-alpha 3]: VAdm Thomas Henry Martyn Jerram, K.C.B.
1st Division: VAdm Jerram
HMSKing George V (flagship): Capt Frederick Laurence Field
HMSAjax: Capt George Henry Baird
HMSCenturion: Capt Michael Culme-Seymour, M.V.O.
HMSErin: Capt the Hon. Victor Albert Stanley, M.V.O., AdC.
2nd Division: RAdm Arthur Cavenagh Leveson, C.B.
HMSOrion (flagship): Capt Oliver Backhouse, C.B.
HMSMonarch: Capt George Holmes Borrett
HMSConqueror: Capt Hugh Henry Darby Tothill, AdC.
HMSThunderer: Capt James Andrew Fergusson
Fleet Flagship (at head of 3rd Division but not part of 4th Battle Squadron)
HMSIron Duke: Capt Frederic Charles Dreyer, C.B.
4th Battle Squadron (Battleships): VAdm Sir Frederick Charles Doveton Sturdee, 1st Baronet, K.C.B., C.V.O., C.M.G.; flag commander: Cdr William Milbourne James
3rd Division[lower-alpha 4]: RAdm Sir Alexander Ludovic Duff, K.C.B., C.V.O., C.M.G.
HMSCanada: Capt William Coldingham Masters Nicholson
4th Division: VAdm Sturdee
HMSBenbow (flagship): Capt Henry Wise Parker
HMSBellerophon: Capt Edward Francis Bruen
HMSTemeraire: Capt Edwin Veale Underhill
HMSVanguard: Capt James Douglas Dick
1st Battle Squadron (Battleships)[lower-alpha 5]: VAdm Sir Cecil Burney, K.C.B., K.C.M.G.; Chief of Staff: Cdre Edmund Percy Fenwick George Grant; flag lieutenant: Lt Cdr James Buller Kitson
Fifth Division: RAdm Ernest Frederick Augustus Gaunt, C.M.G.
HMSColossus (flagship): Capt Alfred Dudley Pickman Rogers Pound
HMSCollingwood: Capt James Clement Ley
HMSSt. Vincent: Capt William Wordsworth Fisher, M.V.O.
HMSNeptune Capt Vivian Henry Gerald Bernard
Sixth Division: VAdm Burney
HMSMarlborough (flagship): Capt George Parish Ross
HMSRevenge: Capt Edward Buxton Kiddle
HMSHercules: Capt Lewis Clinton-Baker
HMSAgincourt: Capt Henry Montagu Doughty
Kruiser
Dua skuadron Kruiser berperisai dan satu skuadron Kruiser ringan telah diserapkan ke pasukan utama Armada Besar untuk bertindak sebagai pasukan peninjau. [lower-alpha 6] 1st Cruiser Squadron[lower-alpha 7] (Armoured Cruisers): RAdm Sir Robert Keith Arbuthnot, 4th Baronet, K.C.B., M.V.O.†
first half-flotilla/11th D.F.
1st Division/11th D.F.
HMSOssory: Cdr Harold Victor Dundas
HMSMartial: Lt Cdr Julian Harrison
HMSMagic: Lt Cdr Gerald Charles Wynter
HMSMinion: Lt Cdr Henry Clive Rawlings
2nd Division/11th D.F.
HMSMystic: Cdr Claud Finlinson Allsup
HMSMons: Lt Cdr Robert Makin
HMSMandate: Lt Cdr Edward McConnell Wyndham Lawrie
HMSMichael: Lt Cdr Claude Lindsay Bate
second half-flotilla/11th D.F.
HMSKempenfelt (flotilla leader): Cdr Harold Ernest Sulivan
3rd Division/11th D.F.
HMSMarne: Lt Cdr George Bibby Hartford
HMSMilbrook: Lt Charles Granville Naylor
HMSManners: Lt Cdr Gerald Cartmell Harrison
4th Division/11th D.F.
HMSMoon: Cdr (Acting) William Dion Irvin
HMSMounsey: Lt Cdr Ralph Vincent Eyre
HMSMorning Star: Lt Cdr Hugh Undecimus Fletcher
12th Destroyer Flotilla[lower-alpha 15]: Capt Anselan John Buchanan Stirling
HMSFaulknor (flotilla leader): Capt Stirling
first half-flotilla/12th D.F.
1st Division/12th D.F.[7]
HMSObedient: Cdr George William McOran Campbell
HMSMindful: Lt Cdr John Jackson Cuthbert Ridley
HMSMarvel: Lt Cdr Reginald Watkins Grubb
HMSOnslaught: Lt Cdr Arthur Gerald Onslow, D.S.C.†
2nd Division/12th D.F.
HMSMaenad: Cdr John Pelham Champion
HMSNarwhal: Lt Cdr Henry Victor Hudson
HMSNessus: Lt Cdr Eric Quentin Carter
HMSNoble: Lt Cdr Henry Percy Boxer
second half-flotilla/12th D.F.: Cdr Norton Allen Sulivan
HMSMarksman (flotilla leader): Cdr Norton Allen Sulivan
HMSOpal: Cdr Charles Geoffrey Coleridge Sumner
HMSNonsuch: Lt Cdr Herbert Inglis Nigel Lyon
HMSMenace: Lt Cdr Charles Astley Poignand
HMSMunster: Lt Cdr Spencer Francis Russell
HMSMary Rose: Lt Cdr Edwin Anderson Homan
Skuadron Kruiser Tempur Ke-3
Skuadron ini, buat sementara diserapkan ke Armada Besar dari Armada Kruiser Tempur, telah ditempatkan jauh dari pasukan utama, dengan niat ia akan menyertai Beatty apabila peperangan itu bermula. Panglima Skuadron Kruiser Tempur Ke-3 ialah Laksdaya the Hon. Horace Lambert Alexander Hood K.C.B., D.S.O., M.V.O.†
HMSInvincible* (flagship): Capt Arthur Lindesay Cay†
HMSInflexible: Capt Edward Henry Fitzhardinge Heaton-Ellis, M.V.O.
HMSOphelia: Cdr Lewis Gonne Eyre Crabbe (Admiralty M class)
HMSChristopher: Lt Cdr Fairfax Moresby Kerr
HMSAcasta: Lt Cdr John Ouchterlony Barron
Armada Kruiser Tempur
Pasukan kapal laju ini berada dibawah Panglima Armada Besar, tetapi beroperasi secara bebas sebagai pengawal barisan depan, bertujuan untuk menjejak armada musuh dan menyerang pasukan peninjau musuh. Pada terasnya terdapat 6 kruiser tempur, disertai oleh 13 kruiser ringan, dan diiringi oleh 18 kapal pembinasa dan sebuah kapal pengangkut pesawat terawal.
[lower-alpha 19]
Commander, Battle Cruiser Fleet: VAdm Sir David Richard Beatty, K.C.B., M.V.O., D.S.O. in HMS Lion
Chief of Staff: Capt Rudolf Walter Bentinck; flag lieutenants: Cdr the Hon. Reginald Aylmer Ranfurly Plunkett, Lt Cdr Ralph Frederick Seymour
Kruiser tempur
Battlecruiser Fleet Flagship
HMSLion: Capt Alfred Ernle Montacute Chatfield, C.V.O.
1st Battlecruiser Squadron: RAdm Osmond de Beauvior Brock, C.B.
HMSPrincess Royal (flagship): Capt Walter Henry Cowan, M.V.O., D.S.O.
HMSLandrail: Lt Cdr Francis Edward Henry Graham Hobart
2nd division/9th D.F.
HMSMoorsom: Cdr John Coombe Hodgson (from 10th D.F.)
HMSLaurel: Lt Henry Dawson Crawford Stanistreet
HMSMorris: Lt Cdr Edward Sidney Graham (from 10th D.F.)
Skuadron Tempur Ke-5
Ini adalah unit khas kelas-Queen Elizabeth yang pantas, bertindak sebagai pelopor barisan tempur utama. Di Pertempuran Jutland, ia beroperasi dengan Armada Kruiser Tempur, dan diiringi oleh Flotila Pembinasa Pertama.[lower-alpha 23] The commander of the 5th Battle Squadron was RAdm Hugh Evan-Thomas, M.V.O.
HMSBarham (flagship): Capt Arthur William Craig
HMSValiant: Capt Maurice Woollcombe
HMSWarspite: Capt Edward Montgomery Phillpotts
HMSMalaya: Capt the Hon. Algernon Douglas Edward Harry Boyle, C.B., M.V.O.
Armada Laut Lepas adalah pasukan utama tentera laut permukaan Jerman, berpangkalan sepenuhnya di Wilhelmshaven, di Sungai Jade di Barat Laut Jerman.[13][14]
Panglima Armada Laut Lepas (Chef der Hochseeflotte): VAdm Reinhard Scheer in SMS Friedrich der Grosse
Ketua Staf: Capt Adolf von Trotha; Ketua Operasi: Capt Magnus von Levetzow(GE)
Kapal tempur
3rd Battle Squadron (III. Geschwader) (Battleships) [upper-alpha 1]: RAdm Paul Behncke; flag lieutenant: Lt Cdr Frhr Ernst von Gagern
5th Division: RAdm Behncke
SMS König (flagship): Capt Friedrich Brüninghaus
SMS Grosser Kurfürst: Capt Ernst Goette
SMS Kronprinz: Capt Constanz Feldt
SMS Markgraf: Capt Karl Seiferling
6th Division: RAdm Hermann Nordmann
SMS Kaiser (flagship): Capt Walter Frhr von Keyserlingk(GE)
SMS Prinzregent Luitpold: Capt Karl Heuser
SMS Kaiserin: Capt Karl Sievers
Fleet Flagship (Flaggschiff der Hochseeflotte)[upper-alpha 2]
SMS Friedrich der Grosse: Capt Theodor Fuchs
1st Battle Squadron(I. Geschwader) (Battleships)
[upper-alpha 3]: VAdm Ehrhard Schmidt; flag lieutenant: Lt Cdr Wolfgang Wegener
1st Division: VAdm Schmidt
SMS Ostfriesland (flagship): Capt Ernst-Oldwig von Natzmer
SMS Thüringen: Capt Hans Küsel
SMS Helgoland: Capt Friedrich von Kameke
SMS Oldenburg: Capt Wilhelm Höpfner
2nd Division: RAdm Walter Engelhardt
SMS Posen (flagship): Capt Richard Lange
SMS Rheinland: Capt Heinrich Rohardt
SMS Nassau: Capt Robert Kühne
SMS Westfalen: Capt Johannes Redlich
2nd Battle Squadron(II. Geschwader) (Battleships)
[upper-alpha 4]: RAdm Franz Mauve(GE); flag lieutenant: Lt Cdr Willy Kahlert
Bot besar torpedo Jerman (Große Torpedoboote) adalah setaraf kapal pembinasa British [upper-alpha 7].
Ketua Pertama Bot Torpedo: Cdre Andreas Michelsen
SMS Rostock* (kruiser ringan; flagship 1st Leader of Torpedo-Boats): Cdr Otto Feldmann [upper-alpha 8]
During the battle the Germans used the Zeppelin airships of the Naval Airship Section (Marine Luftschiff Abteilung) for scouting, although in the prevailing overcast conditions they were not particularly successful.
The commander of the Naval Airship Section was Lt Cdr Peter Strasser, and they flew from bases at Nordholz and Hage in north-west Germany and Tondern (then part of Schleswig; the town became part of Denmark in 1920).
Sortied on 31 May
L.9: Capt August Stelling (Army Officer, on the inactive list)
L.14: Lt Alois Böcker
L.16: Lt Erich Sommerfeldt
L.21: Lt Max Dietrich
L.23: Lt Otto von Schubert
Sortied on 1 June
L.11: Lt Victor Schultze
L.17: Lt Herbert Ehrlich
L.22: Lt Martin Dietrich
L.24: Lt Robert Koch
Did not sortie during the Battle of Jutland
L.13: Lt Eduard Prölß
L.30: SLt Horst Treusch von Buttlar-Brandenfels
Singkatan bagi Pegawai (Pangkat Jerman di alih bahasa mengikut amalan NATO terkini)[upper-alpha 18]:
The German Navy's torpedo boats were of similar size and function to the destroyers in the Royal Navy, and are often referred as such.
British Section
2nd Battle Squadron, 1st Cruiser Squadron and most of the 11th Destroyer Flotilla were at Invergordon, the remainder at Scapa Flow.
Grand Fleet battleships were permanently assigned to Battle Squadrons of eight ships, divided into two divisions of four ships each. In addition a light cruiser accompanied the squadron to repeat visual signals (made by Morse lamp, flags or semaphore), to ensure that the commanding Admiral could stay in touch with all vessels without the use of wireless transmissions (which could betray the presence of the squadron to an enemy). The flagship of the Commander-in-Chief was separate from the squadron organization, but joined one of the divisions for tactical purposes. In addition, there was the 3rd Battle Squadron of older kelas-King Edward VIIpre-Dreadnought battleships, plus HMSDreadnought herself, which was operating in the Thames Estuary at the time of Jutland. A 6th Battle Squadron of American battleships joined the Grand Fleet in December 1917.
Based at Cromarty Firth.
did not sail: HMSEmperor of India: Capt Charles William Rawson Royds, the usual flagship of RADM A. L. Duff, which was in dock.
did not sail: HMSRoyal Sovereign: Capt. A. T. Hunt, which was still working up.
In addition, the 10th Cruiser Squadron: RAdm Dudley de Chair, with 17 armed merchant cruisers, formed the Northern Patrol Force of the Grand Fleet, carrying out blockade duties (these vessels were not engaged at the Battle of Jutland).
Based at Cromarty Firth
The 2nd Cruiser Squadron had just absorbed Minotaur, Hampshire and Donegal from the disbanded 7th Cruiser Squadron on 30 May 1916.
Did not sail: HMSAchilles: Capt. F. M. Leake, which was in dock, and HMSDonegal: Capt. W. H. D'Oyly, which was on detached service
There is confusion about the exact name of this officer: the Navy List throughout the period 1914-1923, and the London Gazette in 1916 (announcing his CB) give his name as listed here. However in both earlier and later editions of the Navy List, in his service record, as well as in some (but not all) earlier editions of the London Gazette list him as Arthur Cloudesly Shovel Hughes D'Aeth; the probate records for England and Wales (reporting his death on 23 August 1956) list him as Arthur Cloudesley Shovell Hughes D'Aeth; his obituary in The Times (Saturday, Aug 25, 1956, pg. 11; Issue 53619) gives his name as Arthur Cloudesley Shovel Hughes-D'Aeth. There was similar confusion about the spelling of the name of his namesake, the 18th Century Admiral; in his case Cloudesley Shovell seems to be the accepted spelling nowadays.
These did not form part of the line of battle;Abdiel was attached for tactical minelaying and Oak as a tender to the flagship. In addition the seaplane carrier HMSCampania: Capt Oliver Schwann sailed from Scapa Flow 0130 hrs, 31 May, but was too slow to catch the fleet and was ordered to return 0430 hrs 31 May; and the kite balloon tender HMSMenelaus: Cdr C. W. N. McCulloch, did not sail
A typical Destroyer Flotilla (D.F.) consisted of 18 vessels: 16 destroyers (4 divisions of 4 vessels each, forming two half flotillas) plus two leaders (either a Light Cruiser or Flotilla leader) for the half-flotilla commanders. Unlike the German Navy, this organization was very flexible, being organized by the flotilla commander by signal when sailing, and subject to change during battle. The order of battle of British destroyers is based on the tactical organization at the start of the battle given in,[5] plus other sources as noted. It differs from that given in most published secondary sources, which reflect only the administrative order of battle. The destroyers in each flotilla were usually of a uniform design: the 1st Flotilla was made up of I-class vessels built in 1911, 4th Flotilla K-class, the 9th Flotilla (which had formerly been designated the 3rd Flotilla) L-class; the 10th, 11th, 12th and 13th Flotillas were kelas-Admiralty M. The sole exception at the time of Jutland was the Admiralty M-class destroyer HMS Ophelia, temporarily assigned to the 4th Flotilla (she was due to join the new 14th Flotilla later in 1916).
did not sail: HMSCockatrice (refit), HMSParagon (refit) and HMSVictor.
Four destroyers detached from the 4th and 12th Destroyer Flotillas as escorts for the 2nd Cruiser Squadron.[6]
Based at Cromarty Firth except for HMS Marne, HMS Manners, HMS Michael and HMS Mons at Scapa Flow. Did not sail: HMSMusketeer (refit) and HMSMarmion (refit).
did not sail:
HMSMameluke (refit, Glasgow) and HMSNapier (refit, Glasgow); also HMS Mischief assigned to Group 8/4th D.F.
Attached from 5th Light Cruiser Squadron of the Harwich Force.
Attached from 3rd Light Cruiser Squadron.
I-class destroyers (except Ophelia) attached from 4th Destroyer Flotilla.
Also known at different times during the war as Cruiser Force A, and the Battle Cruiser Force. At the time of Jutland, British battle cruisers were organized in three squadrons of three ships each, plus a fleet flagship. One of these Squadrons, the 3rd, was temporarily detached to the main body of the Grand Fleet. In addition there were three light cruiser squadrons and the 13th Destroyer Flotilla assigned (augmented at Jutland by additional attached destroyers). The Battle Cruiser Fleet was based at Rosyth on the Firth of Forth, Scotland.
Did not sail: HMASAustralia: Capt S. H. Radcliffe, usual flagship of RADM Pakenham, which was in dock at Devonport.
Did not sail: HMSNegro, HMSNepean, HMSNereus, HMSPaladin, HMSPenn and HMSPigeon.
The 9th Destroyer Flotilla was part of the Harwich Force; this group of six destroyers were attached to the Battle Cruiser Fleet at the time of Jutland, and sailed under this designation with the organization given below.[10]
Attached from Grand Fleet, in company with 5th Battle Squadron. Did not sail: HMSBotha (flotilla leader), HMSArcher, HMSJackal, HMSPhoenix and HMSTigress (all refitting); HMSBeaver, HMSDruid, HMSFerret, HMSHind, HMSHornet and HMSSandfly (all detached to the Nore, as escort to the 3rd Battle Squadron, which was guarding the Thames Estuary against a Battle Cruiser raid).
German Section
The German designations of ship types, fleets, squadrons and flotillas are given in brackets after the English designation.
Did not sail: SMSKönig Albert: Capt Thorbecke (condenser breakdown), SMSBayern: Capt Max Hahn (new construction, working up at Kiel), tender SMS T.39.
Did not sail: attached Fleet tenders SMSD4, SMST96, SMST98 and SMST16.
Did not sail: attached tenders SMSBlitz and SMST20
Did not sail: SMSPreussen: Capt Frey, detached to Baltic as guard-ship at The Sound, and tenders SMSPfeil and SMST49.
Did not sail: SMSBerlin: Cdr Hildebrand, at Wilhelmshaven; and SMSBrummer: Capt Wilhelm Schulz, at Kiel.
Flagship of the Leader of U-Boats: Capt Hermann Bauer, attached to the 4th Scouting Group for tactical purposes.
German torpedo boat flotillas typically comprised two half-flotillas of five vessels each, plus an additional vessel for the flotilla commander. The boats were given numbers sequentially based on the order in which they were built. In addition, each boat had an initial letter denoting its builder: V for the Vulcan works at Stettin, S for the Schichau Works at Elbing in East Prussia, B for the Blohm und Voss Works at Hamburg, and G for Krupp's Germania Works at Kiel. All but one of the boats that fought at Jutland belonged to the number series than began with SMSV1 in 1911 (only SMSV189 belonged to the earlier series). Boats numbered 1-24 were of the 1911 Type[15] and served in the 5th and 7th Flotillas; boats numbered in the range 25-95 were of the 1913 Type[16] and served in the 1st, 3rd, 6th and 9th Flotillas. The vessels in the 2nd Flotilla were of a special large type built in 1914-15 and designated Torpedobootzerstörer (Torpedo Boat Destroyers)
.[17]
Attached to the 4th Scouting Group for tactical purposes.
Did not sail: 2nd Half-Flotilla (2. halbsflottille), consisting of
SMSG192: SLt Mewis, SMSG195: Lt Mickel, SMSG196: Lt Frhr von Seld, SMSG193: Lt Oswald Paul and SMSS165: SLt Johannes-Henning Schneider, all under the command of Cdr Hans Kolbe.
Did not sail: SMSV190: Lt(Reserve) Bon-Ed, and SMSG197: Lt Crelinger.
Did not sail: SMSV74: Lt Günther Ehrlich, and SMSG85: Lt Hans Herbert Stobwasser.
Did not sail: SMSV70: Lt Lemelsen, SMSS55: Lt Holscher.
Groos, op. cit., Anlage 6./7. states Lt Otto Karlowa in SMS S54 was the leader of the 6th Half-Flotilla on 30 May 1916; however from the narrative (Groos, op. cit., p.304) it is clear that Riedel in V48 led the half-flotilla during the battle until the vessel was sunk in action and he was killed; the Second World War destroyer Z6 was named in Riedel's honor.[18]
Did not sail: SMSG172, refitting; sailed, but returned to port prior to action: SMSV186: Lt Wedigo von Keyserling.
Did not sail: SMSGraudenz: Lt Beucer, under repair at Wilhelmshaven, and SMSStralsund: Capt Weniger, in dock at Kiel.
Attached to the 2nd Scouting Group for tactical purposes.
Did not sail: SMSS49: Lt Bauftaedt and SMSV43: Lt Carl.
In the First World War, German officers ranks were slightly higher in status: both Kapitän zur See and Fregattenkapitän were considered equivalent to a Captain in the Royal Navy; Korvettenkapitän was equivalent to a RN Commander; and Kapitänleutnant and Oberleutnant zur See to an RN Lieutenant (there was no German equivalent of a RN Lieutenant-Commander).[19] To avoid ambiguities (e.g. "Capt" could mean Kapitän zur See or Fregattenkapitän), the NATO system is employed.
Of the remainder, Dreadnought, Emperor of India and Queen Elizabeth were in dry dock for refitting and maintenance, while Royal Sovereign had only commissioned three weeks previously and was left behind due to the inexperience of her crew