rencana senarai Wikimedia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Terdapat 121 buah bandar di Filipina per 26 November 2009. Dari ke-121 bandar tersebut 38 di antaranya berdiri sendiri: 33 dikategorikan sebagai "sangat urban" dan 5 sebagai "komponen bebas;" bakinya merupakan bandar komponen di wilayah mereka masing-masing.
Nombor | Bandar | Populasi[1] | Gambar |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Quezon City | 2,679,450 | |
2. | Manila | 1,660,714 | ![]() |
3. | Caloocan | 1,378,856 | |
4. | Davao City | 1,363,337 | |
5. | Cebu City | 798,809 | ![]() |
6. | Zamboanga City | 774,407 | Fail:Zamboanga City Skyline 2009.jpg |
7. | Antipolo | 633,971 | ![]() |
8. | Pasig | 617,301 Templat:Mn | ![]() |
9. | Taguig | 613,343 Templat:Mn | ![]() |
10. | Valenzuela | 568,928 | ![]() |
Bandar | Provinsi prov | Wilayah | Populasi (2007) pop | Luas (km²) area | Kepadatan (per km²) | Status Legal class | Pendapatan Class class | UU pembentukancharter | Tanggal pembentukan law | Tanggal jadi eff |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Caloocan | -none- mmc | NCR | 1,378,856 | 53.33 | 25855.17 | Sangat urban | Kelas 1 | RA 03278 | 1961-06-17 | 1962-02-16 |
Las Piñas | -none- mmr | NCR | 532,330 | 41.54 | 12814.88 | Sangat urban | Kelas 1 | RA 08251 Diarkibkan 2016-03-03 di Wayback Machine | 1997-02-12 | 1997-03-26 |
Makati mkt | -none- mmr | NCR | 510,383 | 21.57 | 23661.71 | Sangat urban | Kelas 1 | RA 07854 Diarkibkan 2016-03-04 di Wayback Machine | 1995-01-02 | 1995-02-04 |
Malabon | -none- mmr | NCR | 363,681 | 15.76 | 23076.21 | Sangat urban | Kelas 1 | RA 09019 | 2001-03-05 | 2001-04-21 |
Mandaluyong | -none- mmr | NCR | 305,576 | 11.26 | 27138.19 | Sangat urban | Kelas 1 | RA 07675 Diarkibkan 2016-03-03 di Wayback Machine | 1994-02-09 | 1994-04-10 |
Manila | -none- | NCR | 1,660,714 | 38.55 | 43079.48 | Sangat urban | Kelas khusus | Act 0183 | 1901-07-31 | 1901-07-31 |
Marikina | -none- mmr | NCR | 424,610 | 33.97 | 12499.56 | Sangat urban | Kelas 1 | RA 08223 Diarkibkan 2012-02-12 di Wayback Machine | 1996-11-06 | 1996-12-07 |
Muntinlupa | -none- mmr | NCR | 452,943 | 46.70 | 9698.99 | Sangat urban | Kelas 1 | RA 07926 | 1995-03-01 | 1995-05-08 |
Navotas | -none- mmr | NCR | 245,344 | 10.77 | 22780.32 | Sangat urban | Kelas 1 | RA 09387 Diarkibkan 2016-03-03 di Wayback Machine | 2007-03-10 | 2007-06-24 |
Parañaque | -none- mmr | NCR | 552,660 | 47.69 | 11588.59 | Sangat urban | Kelas 1 | RA 08507 | 1998-02-13 | 1998-03-22 |
Pasay | -none- mmc | NCR | 403,064 | 19.00 | 21213.89 | Sangat urban | Kelas 1 | RA 00183 | 1947-06-21[2] | 1947-06-21 |
Pasig psg | -none- mmr | NCR | 617,301 | 31.00 | 19912.94 | Sangat urban | Kelas 1 | RA 07829 | 1994-12-08 | 1995-01-21 |
Quezon City | -none- mmc | NCR | 2,679,450 | 161.12 | 16630.15 | Sangat urban | Kelas khusus | CA 502 | 1939-10-12 | 1939-10-12 |
San Juan | -none- mmr | NCR | 125,338 | 5.94 | 21100.67 | Sangat urban | Kelas 1 | RA 09388 | 2007-03-11 | 2007-06-16 |
Taguig tgg | -none- mmr | NCR | 670,309 | 53.67 | 12489.45 | Sangat urban | Kelas 1 | RA 08487 Diarkibkan 2016-03-03 di Wayback Machine | 1998-02-11 | 2004-12-08 |
Valenzuela | -none- mmb | NCR | 568,928 | 44.58 | 12761.96 | Sangat urban | Kelas 1 | RA 08526 | 1998-02-14 | 1998-12-30 |
Butuan | Agusan del Norte | Region 13 | 298,378 | 816.62 | 365.38 | Sangat urban | Kelas 1 | RA 00523 | 1950-06-15[3] | 1950-06-15 |
Legazpi | Albay | Region 05 | 179,481 | 153.70 | 1167.74 | Komponen | Kelas 2 | RA 02234 | 1959-06-12 | 1959-06-12 |
Ligao | Albay | Region 05 | 101,179 | 246.75 | 410.05 | Komponen | Kelas 4 | RA 09008 | 2001-02-21 | 2001-03-24 |
Tabaco | Albay | Region 05 | 123,513 | 117.14 | 1054.4 | Komponen | Kelas 4 | RA 09020 | 2001-03-05 | 2001-03-24 |
Isabela | Basilan | Region 09 | 87,985 | 223.73 | 393.26 | Komponen | Kelas 5 | RA 09023 | 2001-03-05 | 2001-04-25 |
Balanga | Bataan | Region 03 | 84,105 | 111.63 | 753.43 | Komponen | Kelas 4 | RA 08984 | 2000-12-02 | 2000-12-30 |
Batangas City | Batangas | Region 04-A | 295,231 | 282.96 | 1043.37 | Komponen | Kelas 1 | RA 05495 | 1969-06-21 | 1969-06-21 |
Lipa | Batangas | Region 04-A | 260,568 | 209.40 | 1244.36 | Komponen | Kelas 1 | RA 00162 | 1947-06-20[4] | 1947-06-20 |
Tanauan | Batangas | Region 04-A | 142,537 | 107.16 | 1330.13 | Komponen | Kelas 3 | RA 09005 | 2001-02-02 | 2001-03-10 |
Baguio | Benguet | CAR | 301,926 | 57.51 | 5249.97 | Sangat urban | Kelas 1 | Act 1964 | 1909-09-01 | 1909-09-01 |
Tagbilaran | Bohol | Region 07 | 92,297 | 36.50 | 2528.68 | Komponen | Kelas 3 | RA 04660[pautan mati kekal] | 1966-06-18 | 1966-07-01 |
Malaybalay | Bukidnon | Region 10 | 144,065 | 969.19 | 148.64 | Komponen | Kelas 1 | RA 08490 | 1998-02-11 | 1998-03-22 |
Valencia | Bukidnon | Region 10 | 162,745 | 277.11 | 262 | Komponen | Kelas 3 | RA 08985 | 2000-12-05 | 2000-12-30 |
Malolos | Bulacan | Region 03 | 223,069 | 67.25 | 3317.01 | Komponen | Kelas 4 | RA 08754 | 1999-11-04 | 2002-10-08 |
Meycauayan | Bulacan | Region 03 | 196,569 | 32.10 | 6123.64 | Komponen | n/a | RA 09356 | 2006-10-02 | 2006-12-10 |
San Jose del Monte | Bulacan | Region 03 | 439,090 | 105.53 | 4160.81 | Komponen | Kelas 2 | RA 08797 Diarkibkan 2012-04-02 di Wayback Machine | 2000-07-15 | 2000-09-10 |
Tuguegarao | Cagayan | Region 02 | 129,539 | 144.80 | 894.61 | Komponen | Kelas 2 | RA 08755 | 1999-11-04 | 1999-12-18 |
Iriga | Camarines Sur | Region 05 | 97,983 | 137.35 | 713.38 | Komponen | Kelas 4 | RA 05261 | 1968-06-15[5] | 1968-06-15 |
Naga | Camarines Sur | Region 05 | 160,516 | 84.48 | 1900.05 | Independent Komponen | Kelas 2 | RA 00305 | 1948-06-18 | 1948-06-18 |
Roxas | Capiz | Region 06 | 147,738 | 95.07 | 1553.99 | Komponen | Kelas 3 | RA 00603 | 1951-04-11[6] | 1951-04-11 |
Cavite City | Cavite | Region 04-A | 104,581 | 10.89 | 9603.4 | Komponen | Kelas 4 | CA 547 | 1940-05-26[7] | 1940-05-26 |
Dasmariñas | Cavite | Region 04-A | 556,330 | 90.10 | 6174.58 | Komponen | Kelas 1 | RA 9723 | 2009-10-15 | 2009-11-26 |
Tagaytay | Cavite | Region 04-A | 61,623 | 65.00 | 948.05 | Komponen | Kelas 3 | CA 338 | 1938-06-21 | 1938-06-21 |
Trece Martires | Cavite | Region 04-A | 90,177 | 39.10 | 2306.32 | Komponen | Kelas 4 | RA 00981 | 1954-05-24 | 1956-01-01 |
Cebu City | Cebu | Region 07 | 798,809 | 315.00 | 2535.9 | Sangat urban | Kelas 1 | CA 058 | 1936-10-20[8] | 1936-10-20 |
Danao | Cebu | Region 07 | 109,354 | 107.30 | 1019.14 | Komponen | Kelas 3 | RA 03028 | 1961-06-07 | 1961-06-07 |
Lapu-Lapu | Cebu | Region 07 | 292,530 | 58.10 | 5034.94 | Sangat urban | Kelas 1 | RA 03134 | 1961-06-17[9] | 1961-06-17 |
Mandaue | Cebu | Region 07 | 318,575 | 25.18 | 12651.91 | Sangat urban | Kelas 1 | RA 05519 | 1969-06-21[10] | 1969-06-21 |
Talisay | Cebu | Region 07 | 179,359 | 39.87 | 4498.6 | Komponen | Kelas 4 | RA 08979 | 2000-11-22 | 2000-12-30 |
Toledo | Cebu | Region 07 | 152,960 | 216.28 | 707.23 | Komponen | Kelas 3 | RA 02688 | 1960-06-18 | 1960-06-18 |
Kidapawan | Cotabato (North) | Region 12 | 117,610 | 358.47 | 328.09 | Komponen | Kelas 2 | RA 08500 | 1998-02-12 | 1998-03-22 |
Panabo | Davao del Norte | Region 11 | 154,329 | 251.23 | 614.29 | Komponen | Kelas 4 | RA 09015 | 2001-02-28 | 2001-03-31 |
Samal | Davao del Norte | Region 11 | 90,291 | 301.30 | 299.67 | Komponen | Kelas 3 | RA 08471 | 1998-01-30 | 1998-03-07 |
Tagum | Davao del Norte | Region 11 | 215,967 | 195.80 | 1103 | Komponen | Kelas 1 | RA 08472 | 1998-01-30 | 1998-03-07 |
Davao City | Davao del Sur | Region 11 | 1,363,337 | 2,443.61 | 557.92 | Sangat urban | Kelas 1 | CA 051 | 1936-10-16[11] | 1936-10-16 |
Digos | Davao del Sur | Region 11 | 145,514 | 287.10 | 506.84 | Komponen | Kelas 3 | RA 08798 | 2000-06-15 | 2000-09-08 |
Laoag | Ilocos Norte | Region 01 | 102,457 | 101.88 | 1005.66 | Komponen | Kelas 3 | RA 04584 | 1965-06-19 | 1966-01-01 |
Candon | Ilocos Sur | Region 01 | 56,270 | 103.28 | 544.83 | Komponen | Kelas 4 | RA 09018 | 2001-03-05 | 2001-03-28 |
Vigan | Ilocos Sur | Region 01 | 47,246 | 25.08 | 1883.81 | Komponen | Kelas 5 | RA 08988 | 2000-12-27 | 2001-01-22 |
Iloilo City | Iloilo | Region 06 | 418,710 | 70.23 | 5961.98 | Sangat urban | Kelas 1 | CA 158 | 1937-07-16[12] | 1937-07-16 |
Passi | Iloilo | Region 06 | 76,045 | 251.39 | 302.5 | Komponen | Kelas 3 | RA 08469 | 1998-01-30 | 1998-03-14 |
Cauayan | Isabela | Region 02 | 114,254 | 336.40 | 339.64 | Komponen | Kelas 4 | RA 09017 | 2001-02-28 | 2001-03-30 |
Santiago | Isabela | Region 02 | 126,244 | 1221.97 | 103.31 | Independent Komponen | Kelas 1 | RA 07720 Diarkibkan 2016-03-04 di Wayback Machine | 1994-05-05 | 1994-07-04 |
San Fernando | La Union | Region 01 | 114,813 | 102.72 | 1117.73 | Komponen | Kelas 3 | RA 08509 | 1998-02-13 | 1998-03-20 |
Calamba | Laguna | Region 04-A | 360,281 | 149.50 | 2409.91 | Komponen | Kelas 1 | RA 09024 | 2001-04-07 | 2001-04-21 |
San Pablo | Laguna | Region 04-A | 237,259 | 197.56 | 1200.95 | Komponen | Kelas 1 | CA 520 | 1940-05-07[13] | 1940-05-07 |
Santa Rosa | Laguna | Region 04-A | 266,943 | 54.13 | 4931.52 | Komponen | Kelas 1 | RA 09264 | 2004-03-10 | 2004-07-10 |
Iligan | Lanao del Norte | Region 10 | 308,046 | 813.37 | 378.73 | Sangat urban | Kelas 1 | RA 00525 | 1950-06-16 | 1950-06-16 |
Marawi | Lanao del Sur | ARMM | 177,391 | 87.55 | 2026.17 | Komponen | Kelas 4 | CA 592 | 1940-08-19 [14] | 1940-08-19 |
Ormoc | Leyte | Region 08 | 177,524 | 613.60 | 289.32 | Independent Komponen | Kelas 1 | RA 00179 | 1947-06-21[15] | 1947-09-04 |
Tacloban | Leyte | Region 08 | 217,199 | 201.72 | 1076.74 | Sangat urban | Kelas 1 | RA 00760 | 1952-06-20[16] | 1952-06-20 |
Cotabato City | Maguindanao | Region 12 | 259,153 | 176.00 | 1472.46 | Independent Komponen | Kelas 2 | RA 02364 | 1959-06-20 | 1959-06-20 |
Masbate City | Masbate | Region 05 | 81,585 | 188.00 | 433.96 | Komponen | Kelas 4 | RA 08807 | 2000-08-16 | 2000-09-30 |
Oroquieta | Misamis Occidental | Region 10 | 65,349 | 237.88 | 274.71 | Komponen | Kelas 4 | RA 05518 | 1969-06-21 | 1970-01-01 |
Ozamiz | Misamis Occidental | Region 10 | 123,137 | 169.95 | 724.55 | Komponen | Kelas 3 | RA 00321 | 1948-06-19[17] | 1948-06-19 |
Tangub | Misamis Occidental | Region 10 | 56,644 | 162.78 | 347.98 | Komponen | Kelas 4 | RA 05131 | 1967-06-17[18] | 1967-06-17 |
Cagayan de Oro | Misamis Oriental | Region 10 | 553,966 | 412.80 | 1341.97 | Sangat urban | Kelas 1 | RA 00521 | 1950-06-15[19] | 1950-06-15 |
Gingoog | Misamis Oriental | Region 10 | 112,247 | 568.44 | 197.46 | Komponen | Kelas 2 | RA 02668 | 1960-06-18 | 1960-06-18 |
Bacolod | Negros Occidental | Region 06 | 499,497 | 162.67 | 3070.62 | Sangat urban | Kelas 1 | CA 326 | 1938-06-18[20] | 1938-06-18 |
Bago | Negros Occidental | Region 06 | 159,933 | 401.20 | 398.64 | Komponen | Kelas 2 | RA 04382 | 1965-06-19[21] | 1966-01-01 |
Cadiz | Negros Occidental | Region 06 | 150,750 | 524.57 | 287.38 | Komponen | Kelas 2 | RA 04894 | 1967-06-17[22] | 1967-06-17 |
Escalante | Negros Occidental | Region 06 | 92,035 | 192.76 | 477.46 | Komponen | Kelas 5 | RA 09014 | 2001-02-28 | 2001-03-31 |
Himamaylan | Negros Occidental | Region 06 | 102,014 | 367.04 | 277.94 | Komponen | Kelas 4 | RA 09028 | 2001-03-05 | 2001-03-31 |
Kabankalan | Negros Occidental | Region 06 | 166,970 | 697.35 | 239.44 | Komponen | Kelas 1 | RA 08297 | 1997-06-06 | 1997-08-02 |
La Carlota | Negros Occidental | Region 06 | 63,584 | 137.29 | 463.14 | Komponen | Kelas 4 | RA 04585 | 1965-06-19 | 1966-01-22 |
Sagay | Negros Occidental | Region 06 | 140,511 | 425.35 | 361 | Komponen | Kelas 2 | RA 08192 | 1996-06-11 | 1996-08-10 |
San Carlos | Negros Occidental | Region 06 | 129,809 | 451.50 | 287.51 | Komponen | Kelas 2 | RA 02643 | 1960-06-18 | 1960-06-18 |
Silay | Negros Occidental | Region 06 | 120,365 | 214.80 | 560.36 | Komponen | Kelas 3 | RA 01621 | 1957-06-12 | 1957-06-12 |
Sipalay | Negros Occidental | Region 06 | 67,211 | 379.78 | 176.97 | Komponen | Kelas 4 | RA 09027 | 2001-03-05 | 2001-03-31 |
Talisay | Negros Occidental | Region 06 | 96,444 | 201.18 | 479.39 | Komponen | Kelas 3 | RA 08489 | 1998-02-11 | 1998-03-21 |
Victorias | Negros Occidental | Region 06 | 88,149 | 133.92 | 658.22 | Komponen | Kelas 3 | RA 08488 | 1998-02-11 | 1998-03-21 |
Bais | Negros Oriental | Region 07 | 74,702 | 319.64 | 233.71 | Komponen | Kelas 3 | RA 05444 | 1968-09-01 | 1968-09-01 |
Bayawan | Negros Oriental | Region 07 | 110,250 | 699.08 | 157.71 | Komponen | Kelas 3 | RA 08983 | 2000-12-05 | 2000-12-23 |
Canlaon | Negros Oriental | Region 07 | 50,208 | 170.93 | 293.73 | Komponen | Kelas 4 | RA 03445 | 1961-06-18 | 1961-06-18 |
Dumaguete | Negros Oriental | Region 07 | 116,392 | 33.62 | 3461.99 | Komponen | Kelas 3 | RA 00327 | 1948-06-15[23] | 1948-06-15 |
Tanjay | Negros Oriental | Region 07 | 78,539 | 267.05 | 294.1 | Komponen | Kelas 4 | RA 09026 | 2001-03-05 | 2001-03-31 |
Cabanatuan | Nueva Ecija | Region 03 | 259,267 | 282.75 | 916.95 | Komponen | Kelas 1 | RA 00526 | 1950-06-15 | 1950-07-14 |
Gapan | Nueva Ecija | Region 03 | 98,795 | 164.44 | 600.8 | Komponen | Kelas 4 | RA 09022 | 2001-03-05 | 2001-08-25 |
Muñoz | Nueva Ecija | Region 03 | 71,669 | 439.55 | 440 | Komponen | Kelas 5 | RA 08977 | 2000-11-07 | 2000-12-09 |
Palayan ply | Nueva Ecija | Region 03 | 32,790 | 101.40 | 323.37 | Komponen | Kelas 5 | RA 04475 | 1965-06-19 | 1965-06-19 |
San Jose | Nueva Ecija | Region 03 | 122,353 | 185.99 | 657.85 | Komponen | Kelas 3 | RA 06051 | 1969-08-04 | 1969-08-04 |
Calapan | Oriental Mindoro | Region 04-B | 116,976 | 250.06 | 467.79 | Komponen | Kelas 3 | RA 08475 | 1998-02-02 | 1998-03-21 |
Puerto Princesa | Palawan | Region 04-B | 210,508 | 2,381.02 | 88.41 | Sangat urban | Kelas 1 | RA 05906 | 1969-06-21[24] | 1969-06-21 |
Angeles ang | Pampanga | Region 03 | 314,493 | 60.27 | 4745.63 | Sangat urban | Kelas 1 | RA 03700 | 1963-06-22 | 1964-01-01 |
San Fernando | Pampanga | Region 03 | 269,365 | 67.74 | 3976.45 | Komponen | Kelas 2 | RA 08990 | 2001-01-26 | 2001-02-04 |
Alaminos | Pangasinan | Region 01 | 79,788 | 164.26 | 485.74 | Komponen | Kelas 5 | RA 09025 | 2001-03-05 | 2001-03-28 |
Dagupan | Pangasinan | Region 01 | 149,554 | 37.30 | 4009.49 | Independent Komponen | Kelas 2 | RA 00170 | 1947-06-20[25] | 1947-06-20 |
San Carlos | Pangasinan | Region 01 | 161,884 | 169.03 | 957.72 | Komponen | Kelas 3 | RA 04487 | 1965-06-19 | 1966-01-01 |
Urdaneta | Pangasinan | Region 01 | 120,785 | 100.26 | 1204.72 | Komponen | Kelas 2 | RA 08480 | 1998-01-10 | 1998-03-21 |
Lucena | Quezon | Region 04-A | 236,390 | 80.21 | 2947.14 | Sangat urban | Kelas 2 | RA 03271 | 1961-06-17[26] | 1961-06-17 |
Antipolo | Rizal | Region 04-A | 633,971 | 306.10 | 2071.12 | Komponen | Kelas 1 | RA 08508[pautan mati kekal] | 1998-02-13 | 1998-04-04 |
Calbayog | Samar (Western) | Region 08 | 163,657 | 880.74 | 185.82 | Komponen | Kelas 1 | RA 00328 | 1948-07-15[27] | 1948-07-15 |
Sorsogon City | Sorsogon | Region 05 | 151,454 | 276.11 | 548.53 | Komponen | Kelas 4 | RA 08806 | 2000-08-16 | 2000-12-16 |
General Santos | South Cotabato | Region 12 | 529,542 | 492.86 | 1074.43 | Sangat urban | Kelas 1 | RA 05412 | 1968-06-15 | 1968-06-15 |
Koronadal | South Cotabato | Region 12 | 149,622 | 277.00 | 540.15 | Komponen | Kelas 3 | RA 08803 | 2000-08-16 | 2000-10-08 |
Maasin | Southern Leyte | Region 08 | 79,737 | 211.71 | 376.63 | Komponen | Kelas 4 | RA 08796 | 2000-07-11 | 2000-08-10 |
Tacurong | Sultan Kudarat | Region 12 | 82,546 | 153.40 | 538.11 | Komponen | Kelas 4 | RA 08805 | 2000-08-16 | 2000-09-18 |
Surigao City | Surigao del Norte | Region 13 | 132,151 | 245.30 | 538.73 | Komponen | Kelas 2 | RA 06134[pautan mati kekal] | 1970-08-31 | 1970-08-31 |
Bislig | Surigao del Sur | Region 13 | 102,009 | 331.80 | 307.44 | Komponen | Kelas 4 | RA 08804 | 2000-08-16 | 2000-09-18 |
Tarlac City | Tarlac | Region 03 | 314,155 | 274.66 | 1143.8 | Komponen | Kelas 1 | RA 08593[pautan mati kekal] | 1998-03-12 | 1998-04-19 |
Olongapo | Zambales | Region 03 | 227,270 | 185.00 | 1228.49 | Sangat urban | Kelas 1 | RA 04645 | 1966-06-01 | 1966-06-01 |
Dapitan | Zamboanga del Norte | Region 09 | 72,792 | 390.53 | 186.39 | Komponen | Kelas 3 | RA 03811 | 1963-06-22 | 1963-06-22 |
Dipolog | Zamboanga del Norte | Region 09 | 113,118 | 241.13 | 469.12 | Komponen | Kelas 3 | RA 05520 | 1969-06-21 | 1970-01-01 |
Pagadian | Zamboanga del Sur | Region 09 | 161,312 | 378.80 | 425.85 | Komponen | Kelas 2 | RA 05478 | 1969-06-21 | 1969-06-21 |
Zamboanga City | Zamboanga del Sur | Region 09 | 774,407 | 1,414.70 | 547.4 | Sangat urban | Kelas 1 | CA 039 | 1936-10-12[28] | 1936-10-12 |
Seamless Wikipedia browsing. On steroids.
Every time you click a link to Wikipedia, Wiktionary or Wikiquote in your browser's search results, it will show the modern Wikiwand interface.
Wikiwand extension is a five stars, simple, with minimum permission required to keep your browsing private, safe and transparent.