Servitus

Servitus est systema oeconomicum et sociale, in quo homines captivi, scelesti aut aere alieno demersi in mercimonii loco habentur et ad laborem compelluntur.^[1] Servus, ut primum captus aut emptus aut natus est, non solum contra voluntatem suam teneri, sed etiam iure discedendi, laborem recusandi et remunerationem poscendi privari potest. Servitus per saecula in institutionibus multarum societatum agnita est; recentioribus autem temporibus servitus in plurimis societatibus interdicitur, sed per mores servitutis in aere alieno, servitutis per pactum, servitus feudalis, operis domestici captorum custoditorum, certarum adoptionum (quibus pueri laborare ut servi compelluntur), militum puerorum, et matrimonii compulsi persistit.^[2]

Vide etiam paginam discretivam: servitus (discretiva).

Mercatus servorum. Tabula ab Ioanne Leone Gérôme (1824–1904) circa 1866 picta. Institutum Artium Sterling et Francine Clark, Williamstown, Massachusettae.

Castigatio ab ero Arabo ob peccatum leve concessa. Photogramma servi Zanzibarensis c. 1890 factum.

Forum servorum in Europa Orientali Medio Aevo ineunte. Tabula a Sergio Ivanov picta.

Mercedariani servos Christianos in manibus Mussulmanorum tentos redimunt. Imago ex Stanley Lane-Poole, The Story of the Barbary Corsairs (G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1890).

Mercator servorum in Boleslaum Bohemiae incidit. Saeculum decimum.

Itinera praecipua quae ad transporandos servos trans Africam mediaevalem adhibita sunt.

Arabi servorum mercatores et eorum capti secundum Flumen Ruvuma, in Tanzania et Mozambico hodiernis.

Servitus tabulas scriptas antecedit et in multis culturis exsistit. Numerus servorum hodiernorum fortasse est inter 12 milliones^[3] et 27 milliones.^[4][5] Plurimi sunt servi in aere alieno, plerumque in Asia Meridiana, qui ob dolos faeneratorum in aes alienum inciderunt, aliquando per generationes.^[6] Commercium humanum praecipue ad compellendas mulieres puerosque in vitam meretriciam adhibetur.^[7]

In oeconomiis societatum ante industriam ortam, servi et eorum labor fuerunt res maximi momenti. Servi et serfs fuerunt circa tres partes omnium hominum saeculo undevicensimo ineunte.^[8]

Internationalis iurum humanorum lex servitutem in omni forma prohibet.

Etymologia

Vocabula classica sunt servitus et servitium, et aliud vocabulum linguae recentioris est servitudo; tria varias significationes translatas habent (vide paginam discretivam). Homo servitute subiectus est servus, cuius synonymum mediaevale, ex saeculo IX, est sclavus, propter servitutem variarum gentium Slavorum illo tempore in servitium reductarum. Haec est radix vocabulorum in pluribus linguis Europaeis (Italice schiavo, Francogallice esclave, Theodisce Sklave, etc.).

Nexus interni

• Abolitionismus
• Labor coacticius
• Gulielmus Wilberforce
• Scelus contra humanitatem
• Servitus in epicis Homeri
• Servitus salariaria
• Servitus sexualis
• Servitus (ius)
• Servus
• Tippu Tip
• Lex Aurea
• Mercatus hominum
• Pactio de servitute (anno 1926)
• Pactio suppletoria de abrogatione servitutis
• Pactio internationalis de supprimendo mercatu mulierum et impuberum

Notae

1. Laura Brace (2004). The Politics of Property: Labour, Freedom and Belonging. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 162–. ISBN 978-0-7486-1535-3 .
2. "Religion & Ethics – Modern slavery: Modern forms of slavery". BBC. 30 Ianuarii 2007 
3. "Forced labour – Themes". Ilo.org .
4. Bales, Kevin (1999). "1". Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy. University of California Press. p. 9. ISBN 0-520-21797-7 .
5. "BBC Millions 'forced into slavery'". BBC News. 27 Maii 2002 .
6. "Slavery in the 21st century". Newint.org .
7. com/english/news/a-13-2009-05-15-voa30-68815957.html "Experts encourage action against sex trafficking". Voice of America. 2009-05-15 
8. David P. Forsythe, Encyclopedia of Human Rights, volume 1 (Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 399, ISBN 0195334027.—"At the beginning of the nineteenth century an estimated three-quarters of all people alive were trapped in bondage against their will either in some form of slavery or serfdom."

Bibliographia

Generalia

• Bales, Kevin. 1999. Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy.
• Campbell, Gwyn, Suzanne Miers, et Joseph C. Miller, eds. 2007. Women and Slavery. Vol. 1: Africa, the Indian Ocean World, and the Medieval Atlantic; Women and Slavery. Vol. 2: The Modern Atlantic.
• Davis, David Brion. 1999. The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770-1823.
• Davis, David Brion. 1988. The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture.
• Doganis, Rigas, Gad Heuman, et James Walvin, eds. 2003. The Slavery Reader. Routledge.
• Drescher, Seymour. 2009. Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery.
• Finkelman, Paul, ed. 1999. Encyclopedia of Slavery.
• Lal, K. S. 1994. Muslim Slave System in Medieval India. ISBN 8185689679.
• Gordon, M. 1989. Slavery in the Arab World.
• Greene, Jacqueline. 2001. Slavery in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. ISBN 0531165388.
• Hogendorn, Jan, et Johnson Marion. 1986. The Shell Money of the Slave Trade. African Studies Series, 49. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
• Miers, Suzanne, et Igor Kopytoff, eds. 1979. Slavery In Africa: Historical & Anthropological Perspectives.
• Morgan, Kenneth. 2008. Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America.
• Postma, Johannes. 2003. The Atlantic Slave Trade.
• Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. 1997. The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery.
• Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. 2007. Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia.
• Shell, Robert Carl-Heinz. 1994. Children Of Bondage: A Social History of the Slave Society at the Cape of Good Hope, 1652–1813.
• Westermann, William Linn. 1955. The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. ISBN 0871690403.

Civitates Foederatae

• Berlin, Ira. 1999. Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America.
• Blackmon, Douglas A. 2008. Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II. Doubleday. ISBN 0385506252, ISBN 9780385506250.
• Boles, John. 1983. Black Southerners: 1619–1869.
• Engerman, Stanley L. 1999. Terms of Labor: Slavery, Serfdom, and Free Labor.
• Genovese Eugene D. 1974. Roll, Jordan Roll.
• King, Richard H. 1977. Marxism and the Slave South. American Quarterly 29:117–131. De Genovese 1974.
• Escott, Paul D. 2001. Remembering Slavery: African Americans Talk about Their Personal Experiences of Slavery and Freedom. Journal of Southern History 67.
• Parish, Peter J. 1989. Slavery: History and Historians.
• Phillips, Ulrich B. 1918, 1966. American Negro Slavery: A Survey of the Supply, Employment and Control of Negro Labor as Determined by the Plantation Regime.
• Phillips, Ulrich B. 1928. Life and Labor in the Old South.
• Sellers, James B. 1950. Slavery in Alabama.
• Stampp, Kenneth M. 1956. The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-Bellum South. De Philipps 1918, 1928.
• Sydnor, Charles S. 1933. Slavery in Mississippi.
• Vorenberg, Michael. 2001. Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment.
• Weinstein, Allen, Frank O. Gatell, et Lewis Sarasohn, eds. 1978. American Negro Slavery: A Modern Reader. Ed. 3a.
• Mintz, Sidney. Slavery Facts & Myths. http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/ (Historia Digitalis).

Servitus aevo hodierno

• Bales, Kevin. 2004. Disposable People. New Slavery in the Global Economy. Ed. retractata. University of California Press. ISBN 0520243846.
• Bales, Kevin, ed. 2005. Understanding Global Slavery Today: A Reader. University of California Press. ISBN 0520245075.
• Bales, Kevin. 2007. Ending Slavery: How We Free Today's Slaves. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520254701.
• Brass, Tom. 1999. Towards a Comparative Political Economy of Unfree Labour: Case Studies and Debates. Londinii et Portlandiae Oregoniae: Frank Cass Publishers.
• Brass, Tom, et Marcel van der Linden, eds. 1997. Free and Unfree Labour: The Debate Continues. Bernae: Peter Lang AG.
• Brass, Tom, Marcel van der Linden, et Jan Lucassen. 1993. Free and Unfree Labour. Amstelodami: International Institute for Social History.
• Craig, Gary, Aline Gaus, Mick Wilkinson, Klara Skrivankova, et Aidan McQ&shy. 2007. Contemporary slavery in the UK: Overview and key issues. Joseph Rowntree Foundation. ISBN 9781859355732.
• Nazer, Mende, et Damien Lewis. 2003. Slave: My True Story. ISBN 1586482122.
• Sage, Jesse, et Liora Kasten. 2008. Enslaved: True Stories of Modern Day Slavery. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781403974938.
• Somaly Mam Foundation
• Sowell, Thomas. 2005. The Real History of Slavery. In Black Rednecks and White Liberals. Franciscopole: Encounter Books. ISBN 9781594030864.

Nexus externi

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad servitutem spectant.

Vide Servitus in Victionario.

Vicicitatio habet citationes quae ad Servitus spectant.

• Conlectiones, apud www.ull.ac.uk (University of London)
• "Digital Library on American Slavery," apud library.uncg.edu
• Exhibitio, apud www.marial.emory.edu (Emory University et Oxford College)
• Mémoire St Barth,^{[nexus deficit]} apud www.memoirestbarth (Comité de Liaison et d'Application des Sources Historiques)
• Museum servitutis, apud www.slaverymuseum.co.uk
• Servitus, apud www.history.com
• Servitus, apud www.pbs.org (PBS)
• Servitus ut holocaustus Africanus, apud www.africanholocaust.net
• "Slavery Fact Sheets, Digital History," apud www.digitalhistory.uh.edu
• "Slavery Resource Guide, apud www.loc.gov (Bibliotheca Congressus)
• "Understanding Slavery," apud school.discoveryeducation.com