Graham krèker

A Graham krupuk (pocapan /ˈɡreɪ.əm/ utawa /ˈɡræm/ ing Amerika) punika cracker roso manis digawe karo Graham glepung ^[1] sing asalé ing Amerika Serikat ing taun 1880-an awal. Mangan minangka panganan cemilan, biasane madu utawa rasa kayu manis, lan digunakake kanggo bahan kanggo sawetara panganan. ^[2]

Graham cracker

Modern mass-produced graham crackers
Jeneng liyané	Graham wafer
Jinis	Cracker
Panggonan asal	United States
Woworan pokok	Graham flour
Buku masakan: Graham cracker  Médhia: Graham cracker

Bahan-bahan utama sing disiapake sadurunge yaiku tepung graham, minyak, shortening utawa lard, molase lan uyah. ^[3] Kerupuk graham wis dadi produk panganan sing diproduksi massal ing Amerika Serikat wiwit taun 1898, kanthi Perusahaan Biskuit Nasional minangka sing pertama ngasilake paling akeh nalika semana. ^[4] Perusahaan Biskuit Loose-Wiles uga wiwit ngasilake produk kanthi massal wiwit wiwitan taun 1910-an. ^{[5] [6]} Produk kasebut terus diproduksi kanthi akeh ing AS saiki. ^[7] Ing jaman biyen, krupuk graham sing diproduksi massal biasane disiyapake nggunakake adonan ragi, sing nambah rasa ing panganan liwat proses fermentasi, dene produksi massal kontemporer produk biasane ngilangi proses iki. ^{[8] [9]} Adonan kadang adhem sadurunge diluncurake, sing ngalangi ora bisa lara lan rusak nalika produk dipanggang.

Galeri

• 
  Kothak krupuk graham Perusahaan Biskuit Nasional, c. 1915, sing regane regane sepuluh sen
• 
  A s'more
• 
  Kerak krupuk graham krasan
• 
  Pelampung pelampung, panganan cuci mulut kue es saka Filipina nggunakake kerupuk graham, krim, lan mangga Filipina sing mateng

Referensi

1. "Homemade Graham Crackers". Dibukak ing March 21, 2019.
2. Krapp, Kristine (1997). How Products are Made. Gale. kc. 181–182. ISBN 9780787615475. Dibukak ing September 12, 2018. Over time, it became known the graham cracker. Due to its popularity and innovation, other bakeries copied his recipe and eventually developed methods for its mass production. Since then, graham crackers have been a popular snack food. They have also become an important ingredient in pie crust recipes.
3. Gill, J.T. (1881). The Complete Bread, Cake and Cracker Baker. The Complete Bread, Cake and Cracker Baker. J. Thompson Gill, manager Confectioner and Baker Publishing Company. kc. 98. Dibukak ing September 12, 2018.
4. Smith, A.F. (2013). Food and Drink in American History: A "Full Course" Encyclopedia [3 Volumes]: A "Full Course" Encyclopedia. EBSCO ebook academic collection. ABC-CLIO. kc. 409. ISBN 978-1-61069-233-5. Dibukak ing September 12, 2018.
5. Armstrong, D.; Armstrong, E.M. (1991). The Great American Medicine Show: Being an Illustrated History of Hucksters, Healers, Health Evangelists, and Heroes from Plymouth Rock to the Present. Prentice Hall. kc. 59. ISBN 978-0-13-364027-4. Dibukak ing September 12, 2018.
6. Report of the State Entomologist of Connecticut for the Year ... Bulletin (Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station). 1915. kc. 230. Dibukak ing September 12, 2018.
7. Krapp, Kristine (1997). How Products are Made. Gale. kc. 181–182. ISBN 9780787615475. Dibukak ing September 12, 2018. Over time, it became known the graham cracker. Due to its popularity and innovation, other bakeries copied his recipe and eventually developed methods for its mass production. Since then, graham crackers have been a popular snack food. They have also become an important ingredient in pie crust recipes.
8. Matz, S.A. (1992). Cookie and cracker technology. AVI book. Van Nostrand Reinhold. kc. 124–125. ISBN 978-0-442-30892-6. Dibukak ing September 12, 2018.
9. The Cracker Baker. American Trade Publishing Company. 1920. kc. 6-PA42. Dibukak ing September 12, 2018.