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Kemangga, (jeneng liya mangga utawa kalamangga, sok-sokan angga-angga), iku sajinis kéwan kanthi awak ros-rosan (Arthropoda) mawa rong sègmèn badan, patang pasang sikil, ora duwé sewiwi lan ora duwé cangkem pamamah. Kabèh jinis angga-angga digolongaké ing ordho Araneae; lan padha karo kalajengking, tumo, caplak lan kerabaté—kabèh sing sikilé wolu—dilebokaké ing kelas Arachnida. Elmu sing nyinaoni ngenani angga-angga yaiku arachnologi.
| Kemangga, angga-angga Kalamangsa: 319–0 Ma Late Carboniferous to Recent | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Angga-angga panenun ing tengah jaringé | |
| Klasifikasi ngèlmiah | |
| Karajan: | Animalia |
| Filum: | Arthropoda |
| Subfilum: | Chelicerata |
| Unranked: | Arachnomorpha |
| Klas: | Arachnida |
| Ordho: | Araneae Clerck, 1757 |
| Suborders | |
|
Mesothelae | |
| Diversity | |
| 109 families, c. 40,000 species | |
Angga-angga wujud kéwan pamangsa (karnivora), malah kadhang uga kanibal. Mangsa mligi yaiku gegremet. Mèh kabèh jinis angga-angga, kajaba watara 150 spésies saka suku Uloboridae lan Holarchaeidae, lan subordo Mesothelae, bisa nyuntikaké wisa liwat sapasang taringé marang mungsuh utawa mangsané. Sanadyan mangkono, saka puluhan éwu spésies sing ana, mung watara 200 spésies kang wisane bisa mbebayani kanggo manungsa.
Ora kabèh angga-angga gawé sawang kanggo nyekel mangsa, nanging kabèh bisa ngasilaké bolah sutra utawa lamat—yaiku leran serat protéin sing tipis nanging kuwat—saka klanjer (ingaran spinneret) sing ana ing pérangan mburi badané. Serat sutra iki banget migunani kanggo mbiyantu obahé angga-angga, ngayun saka papan siji menyang papan liyané, njiret mangsa, nggawé kanthong endhog, nglindhungi bolongan susuh, lan liya-liyané.
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(1) patang pasang sikil
(2) cephalothorax
(3) opisthosoma
Ora kaya gegremet sing duwé telung pérangan badan, angga-angga mung duwé loro. Sègmèn pérangan ngarep diarani cephalothorax utawa prosoma, sing sabeneré wujud gabungan saka endhas lan dhadha (thorax). Éwadéné sègmèn pérangan mburi diarani abdomen (weteng) utawa opisthosoma. Antara cephalothorax lan abdomen ana panyambung tipis sing dijenengi pedicle utawa pedicellus.
Ing cephalothorax ana patang pasang sikil, lan siji tekan patang pasang mata. Saliyané sapasang rahang kanthi suing gedhé (diarani chelicera), ana uga sapasang utawa sapérangan piranti pambiyantu cangkem sarupa tangan sing diarani pedipalpus. Ing sapérangan jinis angga-angga, pedipalpus ing kéwan lanang diwasa saya gedhé lan malih fungsiné minangka piranti pambiyantu nalika kawin.
Angga-angga ora duwé cangkem utawa untu kanggo mamah. Minangka gantiné, cangkem angga-angga wujud piranti panyedhot kanggo nyedhot cuwèran badan mangsané.
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Mata angga-angga lumrahé wujud mata tunggal (mata mawa lensa tunggal), lan dudu mata majemuk kaya ing gegremet. Akèh-akèhé angga-angga duwé pandelengan sing ora patiya apik, ora bisa mbédakaké warna, utawa mung sing sensitive marang padhang lan peteng. Angga-angga sing manggon ing guwa malah ana sing wuta. Kejaba ing sapérangan angga-angga pamburu sing duwé pandelengan tajem lan apik, kalebu nalika ngenali warna.
Kanggo nengeri tekané mangsané, lumrahé angga-angga ngandhelaké geteran, ing jaring-jaring sutrané utawa ing lemah, banyu, utawa papan sing diéncoki. Ana uga angga-angga sing bisa ngrasakaké bédané tekanan udara. Piranti panggrayang angga-angga ana ing rambut-rambut sikilé.
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Familia kang kacithak kandel duwé siji utawa pira-pira spésies kang duwé wisa.
| 1 | <10 | >=10 | >=100 | >=1000 |
| Sub ordho | Superfamilia | Familia | Genus | Spesies | Jeneng umum | Conto |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mesothelae | Liphistiidae | 5 | 85 | segmented spiders | Kimura-gumo | |
| Mygalomorphae | Mecicobothrioidea | Mecicobothriidae | 4 | 9 | dwarf tarantulas | |
| Microstigmatidae | 7 | 15 | Envia garciai | |||
| Hexatheloidea | Hexathelidae | 11 | 85 | venomous funnel-web tarantulas | Sydney funnel-web spider | |
| Dipluroidea | Dipluridae | 24 | 177 | funnel-web tarantulas | Spruce-fir moss spider | |
| Nemesioidea | Nemesiidae | 41 | 342 | Black wishbone spider | ||
| Theraphosoidea | Theraphosidae | 116 | 909 | tarantulas | Goliath birdeater | |
| Paratropididae | 4 | 8 | baldlegged spiders | |||
| Barycheloidea | Barychelidae | 44 | 300 | trapdoor baboon spiders | Sason sundaicum | |
| Atypoidea | Atypidae | 3 | 43 | purse web spiders | Red legged purseweb spider | |
| Antrodiaetidae | 2 | 32 | folding trapdoor spiders | Atypoides riversi | ||
| Cyrtauchenioidea | Cyrtaucheniidae | 18 | 134 | wafer trapdoor spiders | Aptostichus simus | |
| Idiopoidea | Idiopidae | 22 | 297 | Black rugose trapdoor spider | ||
| Ctenizoidea | Ctenizidae | 9 | 117 | cork-lid trapdoor spiders | Cteniza sauvagesi | |
| Migoidea | Migidae | 10 | 91 | tree trapdoor spiders | ||
| Actinopodidae | 3 | 41 | Mouse spider | |||
| Araneomorphae | Hypochiloidea | Hypochilidae | 2 | 11 | lampshade spiders | Hypochilus thorelli |
| Austrochiloidea | Austrochilidae | 7 | 16 | Tasmanian cave spider | ||
| Gradungulidae | 7 | 16 | large-clawed spiders | Carrai Cave Spider | ||
| Filistatoidea | Filistatidae | 17 | 110 | crevice weavers | Southern house spider | |
| Scytodoidea | Drymusidae | 1 | 15 | false violin spiders | ||
| Periegopidae | 1 | 2 | ||||
| Scytodidae | 5 | 220 | spitting spiders | Scytodes thoracica | ||
| Sicariidae | 2 | 121 | recluse spiders | Brown recluse | ||
| Leptonetoidea | Leptonetidae | 15 | 199 | leptonetid spiders | Tooth cave spider | |
| Ochyroceratidae | 14 | 156 | midget ground weavers | Theotima minutissima | ||
| Telemidae | 7 | 31 | long-legged cave spiders | |||
| Pholcoidea | Diguetidae | 2 | 15 | coneweb spiders | ||
| Pholcidae | 80 | 1036 | daddy long-legs spiders | Daddy long-leg spider | ||
| Plectreuridae | 2 | 29 | plectreurid spiders | |||
| Caponioidea | Caponiidae | 13 | 71 | Two-eyed orange spider | ||
| Tetrablemmidae | 30 | 130 | armored spiders | |||
| Dysderoidea | Dysderidae | 24 | 487 | woodlouse hunter spiders | Woodlouse spider | |
| Oonopidae | 73 | 503 | dwarf hunting spiders | Oonops domesticus | ||
| Orsolobidae | 28 | 181 | ||||
| Segestriidae | 3 | 110 | tubeweb spiders | Segestria florentina | ||
| Eresoidea | Eresidae | 10 | 94 | velvet spiders | Ladybird spider | |
| Hersiliidae | 12 | 159 | tree trunk spiders | Two-tailed spider | ||
| Oecobiidae | 6 | 103 | disc web spiders | Oecobius navus | ||
| Archaeoidea | Archaeidae | 3 | 37 | pelican spiders | Assassin spider | |
| Holarchaeidae | 1 | 2 | ||||
| Mecysmaucheniidae | 7 | 25 | ||||
| Micropholcommatidae | 8 | 34 | ||||
| Pararchaeidae | 7 | 34 | ||||
| Palpimanoidea | Huttoniidae | 1 | 1 | Huttonia palpimanoides | ||
| Palpimanidae | 15 | 131 | palp-footed spiders | |||
| Stenochilidae | 2 | 12 | ||||
| Mimetoidea | Malkaridae | 4 | 10 | shield spiders | ||
| Mimetidae | 13 | 152 | pirate spiders | Oarces reticulatus | ||
| Uloboroidea | Deinopidae | 4 | 57 | net-casting spiders | Rufous net-casting spider | |
| Uloboridae | 18 | 254 | hackled orb-weaver | Uloborus walckenaerius | ||
| Araneoidea | Anapidae | 37 | 147 | |||
| Araneidae | 167 | 2841 | orb-weaver spiders | Zygiella x-notata | ||
| Cyatholipidae | 23 | 58 | ||||
| Linyphiidae | 583 | 4297 | dwarf / money spiders | Blacktailed red sheetweaver | ||
| Mysmenidae | 24 | 123 | spurred orb-weavers | Mysmenopsis furtiva | ||
| Nesticidae | 9 | 195 | cave cobweb spiders | Nesticella marapu | ||
| Pimoidae | 4 | 33 | Pimoa altioculata | |||
| Symphytognathidae | 7 | 56 | dwarf orb-weavers | Patu digua | ||
| Synaphridae | 3 | 12 | ||||
| Synotaxidae | 14 | 70 | ||||
| Tetragnathidae | 47 | 912 | long jawed orb-weavers | Orchard orb weaver | ||
| Nephilidae | 4 | 44 | large-jawed spiders | Golden orb-web spider | ||
| Theridiidae | 109 | 2262 | cobweb spiders | Black widow spider | ||
| Theridiosomatidae | 12 | 84 | ray spiders | Theridiosoma gemmosum | ||
| Lycosoidea | Ctenidae | 40 | 468 | tropical wolf spiders | Brazilian wandering spider | |
| Lycosidae | 112 | 2293 | wolf spiders | Lycosa tarentula | ||
| Oxyopidae | 9 | 417 | lynx spiders | Green lynx spider | ||
| Pisauridae | 53 | 334 | nursery web spiders | Fishing spiders | ||
| Psechridae | 2 | 26 | ||||
| Senoculidae | 1 | 31 | ||||
| Stiphidiidae | 22 | 136 | Tartarus mullamullangensis | |||
| Trechaleidae | 18 | 97 | ||||
| Zoridae | 14 | 76 | ||||
| Zorocratidae | 5 | 42 | zorocratid spiders | |||
| Zoropsidae | 12 | 75 | zoropsid spiders | Zoropsis spinimana | ||
| Agelenoidea | Agelenidae | 42 | 508 | araneomorph funnel-web spiders | Hobo spider | |
| Amphinectidae | 32 | 159 | Metaltella simoni | |||
| Amaurobioidea | Amaurobiidae | 74 | 731 | tangled nest spiders | Callobius claustrarius | |
| Dictynoidea | Anyphaenidae | 56 | 508 | anyphaenid sac spiders | Yellow ghost spider | |
| Cybaeidae | 12 | 162 | Water spider | |||
| Desidae | 38 | 181 | intertidal spiders | Foliage webbing spider | ||
| Dictynidae | 48 | 555 | dictynid spiders | Nigma walckenaeri | ||
| Hahniidae | 26 | 236 | dwarf sheet spiders | |||
| Nicodamidae | 9 | 29 | ||||
| Sparassoidea | Sparassidae | 83 | 1061 | huntsman spiders | Avondale spider | |
| Selenopoidea | Selenopidae | 5 | 193 | wall spiders | Selenops radiatus | |
| Zodaroidea | Zodariidae | 75 | 892 | zodariid ground spiders | Zodarion germanicum | |
| Tengelloidea | Tengellidae | 8 | 50 | tengellid spiders | ||
| incertae sedis | Chummidae | 1 | 2 | |||
| Clubionidae | 14 | 547 | sac spiders | Clubiona trivialis | ||
| Cycloctenidae | 5 | 36 | ||||
| Homalonychidae | 1 | 3 | ||||
| Miturgidae | 28 | 346 | long-legged sac spiders | Yellow sac spider | ||
| Titanoecoidea | Phyxelididae | 12 | 54 | |||
| Titanoecidae | 5 | 43 | titanoecid spiders | Goeldia obscura | ||
| Gnaphosoidea | Ammoxenidae | 4 | 18 | |||
| Cithaeronidae | 2 | 6 | ||||
| Gallieniellidae | 10 | 48 | ||||
| Gnaphosidae | 112 | 2047 | flat-bellied ground spiders | Drassodes lapidosus | ||
| Lamponidae | 23 | 192 | white-tailed spiders | White-tailed spider | ||
| Prodidomidae | 30 | 302 | long-spinneret ground spiders | Lygromma anops | ||
| Trochanteriidae | 19 | 152 | ||||
| Thomisoidea | Philodromidae | 27 | 520 | philodromid crab spiders | Philodromus dispar | |
| Thomisidae | 173 | 2040 | crab spiders | Goldenrod spider | ||
| Salticoidea | Salticidae | 567 | 5192 | jumping spiders | Zebra spider | |
| Corinnoidea | Corinnidae | 80 | 940 | dark sac spiders | Castianeira sp. | |
| Liocranidae | 30 | 166 | liocranid sac spiders | |||
| 3 | ca. 38 | 109 | 3747 | 40288 | Total |
- Sources:
- The World Spider Catalog, Version 8.0 (families, species count)
- Synopsis of the described Araneae of the World (suborders)
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Wikimedia Commons duwé médhia ngenani Araneae. |
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Wikispecies duwé tetélan sing gegayutan: Spiders |
.png){kind=small} | Artikel bab kéwan iki minangka artikel rintisan. Kowé bisa ngéwangi Wikipédia ngembangaké. |
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