スコルディスキ

スコルディスキ（Scordisci、ギリシア語: Σκορδίσκοι）はケルト系古代民族の1つで、ローマ属州のパンノニアからモエシアにかけて、現在のセルビアのサヴァ川がドナウ川に合流する地点^[1]やクロアチアのドラーヴァ川がドナウ川と合流する地点^[2]などに居住していた。特に紀元前3世期初めから紀元前後まで歴史に名を残している。最盛期には、現在のオーストリア、クロアチア、ハンガリー、セルビア、スロベニア、スロバキア、ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナにまたがる領域を版図としていた。スコルディスキという名称はイリュリアとパイオニア王国の間（現在のコソボとマケドニアの国境あたり）にあった Scordus と呼ばれた山 (en) と関係する可能性がある^[3]。

スコルディスキの民族系統は今も歴史学者の議論の1つとなっている。ケルト人^[4]^[5]^[6]、トラキア人^[7]、イリュリア人^[8]、あるいはこれら民族とケルト人の混血^[9]といった説がある。イリュリア、トラキア、ダキアの歴史上で何度かスコルディスキの名が登場しており、時には「大スコルディスキ」と「小スコルディスキ」のような複数グループに分裂していることもあった^[10]。

Andras Mocsy はスコルディスキの民族的性格を明らかにし、本来はケルト人ではないが「ケルト的政治体制」を採用していたと示唆している^[11]。紀元前278年以降、バルカン半島へのケルト人進出で生き残った少数のケルト人が上述した地域の支配階級として定住し、民族が形成された^[12] 。数に優る原住民に比較的早期に吸収されたと見られるが、ケルト的な民族名はイリュリア語化した Scordistae となって残り^[13]、紀元前2世紀によく使われている^[14]。固有名詞学的研究によれば、モラヴァ川の東に定住したスコルディスキはトラキア化している^[15]。

現地生産されたラ・テーヌ文化に属する工芸品が出土しており、特にパンノニアやモエシア北部に多く、ケルト人の定住と文化的交流の濃さを示している。しかし、サヴァ川より南からはそのような出土品はあまり見つかっていない^[16]。

ギリシアからは排斥されたにもかかわらず、バルカンにおけるケルト人は根絶されたわけではなかった。紀元前278年に形成された後、しばらくの間はスコルディスキについてほとんど何も記録されていない。アンティゴノス朝マケドニアの全盛期のころ、スコルディスキはパンノニアを中心とした地域の支配を確立することに注力していた。パンノニアの諸民族を支配下におさめ、年貢を納めさせるようになり、バルカン中央部で最も強大な民族となってシンギドゥヌム^[17]とタウルヌム（共に現在のベオグラード）に要塞を築いた。ローマによるセゲスティカ包囲攻撃でパンノニアがローマの支配下に入り、スコルディスキの支配地域はダルマチアとパンノニア南西部に縮小した。アレクサンドロス3世の死後のディアドコイ戦争に続く戦乱も重なって、スコルディスキは南方に注意を向けるようになった。スコルディスキはモエシアでダルダニア人、西部トラキア人、パイオニア人といった民族を征服した。紀元前141年以降、スコルディスキはローマの支配下に入ったマケドニア属州と定期的に戦うようになった。紀元前135年、スコルディスキはトラキアでコスコニウス^[18]に敗れた^[19]^[20]。テッサロニキ付近で見つかった石碑^[21]によると、後の三頭政治で一角を占めたグナエウス・ポンペイウスの祖父と思われるセクストゥス・ポンペイウスが紀元前118年にストービでスコルディスキと戦い、戦死した。紀元前114年、セルビア西部の山岳地帯でガイウス・ポルキウス・カト^[22]の軍が奇襲され壊滅した。紀元前107年には、ミヌシウス・ルフスがスコルディスキを破っている。紀元前119年にはシサク（元はセゲスティカ）の2度目の包囲攻撃を行った記録があり、スコルディスキはパンノニアの覇権をまだあきらめていなかったことがわかる。

スコルディスキはしばしば侵略を繰り返し、マケドニア属州のローマ人支配者にとって頭痛の種だった。デルポイまで侵入し、神殿から略奪したこともある。しかし紀元前88年、ルキウス・コルネリウス・スキピオ・アシアティクスがついにスコルディスキに勝ち、ドナウ川の北に彼らを追いやった。その後スコルディスキの勢力は急速に衰えた。これはローマによる遠征の結果というよりも、スコルディスキに支配されていた各部族が力をつけ、スコルディスキから独立した結果だった。紀元前56年から紀元前50年にかけて、ダキア人の王ブレビスタがスコルディスキを破り、支配下に置いた^[23]。

紀元前15年、ティベリウスが彼らを撃破し^[24]、ローマに従わせ傭兵として役目を果たさせるようになった^[25]。別の文献によれば、紀元前15年のティベリウスのアルプス遠征の後、シルミウムでスコルディスキとの同盟が成立し、パンノニア平定に協力したという。トラヤヌス帝治世下で彼らはローマ市民権を得るようになった^[26]。ローマ化の進行とともに彼らの政治的独立性は失われていった^[27]。

[1]
A History of Rome by Marcel Le Glay, Jean-Louis Voisin, Yann Le Bohec, and David Cherry,ISBN 1-4051-8327-6,2009,page 101: "... 1 19-107 BCE Attacks on Macedonia's northern frontier by the Scordisci, a Thracian tribe who lived along the lower Save, were ..."
[2]
Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898),"Scordisci A people in Pannonia Superior, are sometimes classed among the Illyrians, but were the remains of an ancient and powerful Celtic tribe. They dwelt between the Savus and Dravus. "
[3]
The Eastern Origin of the Celtic Nations Proved by a Comparison of Their Dialects with the Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, and Teutonic Languages: Forming a Supplement ... into the Physical History of Mankind by James Cowles Prichard,ISBN 0-543-79440-7,2003,page 91: "... Nosier), but only by arguing in a circle. The name Scordisci is from the mountain Scordus, and the Scordisci are Kelts. But this is just the ..."
[4]
http://www.caorc.org/programs/mellonpubs/Theodossiev.pdf
[5]
Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0-631-19807-5,Page 140,"... Autariatae at the expense of the Triballi until, as Strabo remarks, they in their turn were overcome by the Celtic Scordisci in the early third century Sc. ..."
[6]
Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0-631-19807-5,page 84: "...Celtic Scordisci away from the river Danube..."
[7]
The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 3, Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC by John Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, E. Sollberger, and N. G. L. Hammond (Hardcover - , 1992,page 599,"suggests that their origin is Serbo-Thracian rather than Illyrian"
[8]
The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 3, Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC by John Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, E. Sollberger, and N. G. L. Hammond (Hardcover - , 1992,page 599,"... 3), formally describes them as Illyrians, but in the same passage he describes the Scordisci also as Illyrians. This opinion can be accounted for by ..."
[9]
The Celts: a history by Dáithí Ó hÓgáin,2003,page 60,"... element among the more numerous local populations of Thracians and Illyrians. The most powerful such new group of mixed Celts was the Scordisci"
[10]
Continuity and innovation in religion in the Roman West by R. Haeussler, Anthony C. King, Phil Andrews,2007,ISBN 1-887829-67-9"... have constituted the population of the Scordisci, divided into the Scordisci Maior west of the Velika Morava river and the Scordisci Minor east of it,"
[11]
"Pannonia and Upper Moesia. A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire. A Mocsy. London and Boston, Routledge and Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-7100-7714-9. Pg 12 the Socrdisci . . are to be regarded merely one of the Celts' political creations and not as a Celtic tribe
[12]
The Celts. A History. Daithi O Hogain. Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-923-0
[13]
Strab. 7.3,"And mingled with them are also the Celtic tribes—the Boii, the Sorbisci, and the Taurisci. However, the Scordisci are by some called “Scordistae”; and the Taurisci are called also “Ligurisci” and “Tauristae.”"
[14]
Moczy. Pg 66 Referring to personal names the names of the Scordici are south Pannonian- north Dalmatian, ie they have been Illyricized.
[15]
Mocsy
[16]
Mocsy. Pg 26 Recent excavations have produced La Tene finds in the northern part of Moesia Superior, in the territory of the Scordisci, in the southern part of this province, where the Scordisci were only temporarily in control, the influence of La Tene culture is not attested
[17]
Celts and the Classical World by David Rankin,ISBN 0-415-15090-6,1996,page 188: "of the survivors of Brenus expedition the Scordisci founded Singidunum in Yugoslavia"
[18]
Rome's Mediterranean empire: books forty-one to forty-five and the Periochae by Livy, Jane D. Chaplin,2007,page 268,"In Thrace, the praetor Marcus Cosconius fought successfully against the Scordisci"
[19]
The praetorship in the Roman Republic by T. Corey Brennan,2000,page 229,"For his part, Cosconius campaigned successfully against the Scordisci,"
[20]
The central Balkan tribes in pre-Roman times: Triballi, Autariatae, Dardanians, Scordisci and Moesians by Fanula Papazoglu,ISBN 90-256-0793-4,1978,page 286,"As to where the battle between the Scordisci and Cosconius' troops took place,nothing definite can be said. The Scordisci had perhaps entered Thrace"
[21]
Appian and Illyricum by Marjeta Šašel Kos,2005,page 151,"A general who lost his life during an attack by the Scordisci is even epigraphically attested: the praetor Sextus Pompeius. His defeat is documented in an"
[22]
Who's Who in the Roman World by John Hazel,2002,ISBN 0-415-29162-3,"Cato 1, Gaius Porcius (C2 BC), was a grandson of CATO (4) and a supporter of the ... He was consul in 114 BC, when he lost a battle against the Scordisci in Macedonia"
[23]
Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe by Ion Grumeza,ISBN 0-7618-4465-1,2009,page 51: "... Many Scordisci and Breuci settled in Dacia nevertheless and were eventually absorbed into the local population. Among ..."
[24]
Paterculus: The Tiberian Narrative (Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries) by Velleius Paterculus and A. J. Woodman,ISBN 0-521-60935-6,2004,page 106,"that in 12 B.C. Tiberius used the Scordisci tribe as allies, though in 16 they had been enemies pf Rome(54.20.3) .V. has already told us(39-3) that it was he who reconciled these natives to Rome presumably around 15 after his Alpine campaigns;"
[25]
Tiberius (Blackwell Ancient Lives) by Robin Seager,ISBN 1-4051-1529-7,2005,page 21: "... AND GERMANY In 12 both brothers had a successful year.' Tiberius subdued Pannonia, making good use of a friendly tribe, the Scordisci. ..."
[26]
Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0-631-19807-5,Page 256,"... reign of Trajan (AD 98-117), does the Roman citizenship begin to appear among the Illyrian communities of southeast Pannonia, the Andizetes, Scordisci and Breuci. ..."
[27]
Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0-631-19807-5,page 145: "... Autariatae had vanished long before the Roman conquest, and the Triballi, Scordisci and Moesi all declined to insignificant remnants, the Dardani endured. ..."

[1] [1]
A History of Rome by Marcel Le Glay, Jean-Louis Voisin, Yann Le Bohec, and David Cherry,ISBN 1-4051-8327-6,2009,page 101: "... 1 19-107 BCE Attacks on Macedonia's northern frontier by the Scordisci, a Thracian tribe who lived along the lower Save, were ..."

[2] [2]
Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898),"Scordisci A people in Pannonia Superior, are sometimes classed among the Illyrians, but were the remains of an ancient and powerful Celtic tribe. They dwelt between the Savus and Dravus. "

[3] [3]
The Eastern Origin of the Celtic Nations Proved by a Comparison of Their Dialects with the Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, and Teutonic Languages: Forming a Supplement ... into the Physical History of Mankind by James Cowles Prichard,ISBN 0-543-79440-7,2003,page 91: "... Nosier), but only by arguing in a circle. The name Scordisci is from the mountain Scordus, and the Scordisci are Kelts. But this is just the ..."

[4] [4]
http://www.caorc.org/programs/mellonpubs/Theodossiev.pdf

[5] [5]
Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0-631-19807-5,Page 140,"... Autariatae at the expense of the Triballi until, as Strabo remarks, they in their turn were overcome by the Celtic Scordisci in the early third century Sc. ..."

[6] [6]
Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0-631-19807-5,page 84: "...Celtic Scordisci away from the river Danube..."

[7] [7]
The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 3, Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC by John Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, E. Sollberger, and N. G. L. Hammond (Hardcover - , 1992,page 599,"suggests that their origin is Serbo-Thracian rather than Illyrian"

[8] [8]
The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 3, Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC by John Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, E. Sollberger, and N. G. L. Hammond (Hardcover - , 1992,page 599,"... 3), formally describes them as Illyrians, but in the same passage he describes the Scordisci also as Illyrians. This opinion can be accounted for by ..."

[9] [9]
The Celts: a history by Dáithí Ó hÓgáin,2003,page 60,"... element among the more numerous local populations of Thracians and Illyrians. The most powerful such new group of mixed Celts was the Scordisci"

[10] [10]
Continuity and innovation in religion in the Roman West by R. Haeussler, Anthony C. King, Phil Andrews,2007,ISBN 1-887829-67-9"... have constituted the population of the Scordisci, divided into the Scordisci Maior west of the Velika Morava river and the Scordisci Minor east of it,"

[11] [11]
"Pannonia and Upper Moesia. A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire. A Mocsy. London and Boston, Routledge and Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-7100-7714-9. Pg 12 the Socrdisci . . are to be regarded merely one of the Celts' political creations and not as a Celtic tribe

[12] [12]
The Celts. A History. Daithi O Hogain. Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-923-0

[13] [13]
Strab. 7.3,"And mingled with them are also the Celtic tribes—the Boii, the Sorbisci, and the Taurisci. However, the Scordisci are by some called “Scordistae”; and the Taurisci are called also “Ligurisci” and “Tauristae.”"

[14] [14]
Moczy. Pg 66 Referring to personal names the names of the Scordici are south Pannonian- north Dalmatian, ie they have been Illyricized.

[15] [15]
Mocsy

[16] [16]
Mocsy. Pg 26 Recent excavations have produced La Tene finds in the northern part of Moesia Superior, in the territory of the Scordisci, in the southern part of this province, where the Scordisci were only temporarily in control, the influence of La Tene culture is not attested

[17] [17]
Celts and the Classical World by David Rankin,ISBN 0-415-15090-6,1996,page 188: "of the survivors of Brenus expedition the Scordisci founded Singidunum in Yugoslavia"

[18] [18]
Rome's Mediterranean empire: books forty-one to forty-five and the Periochae by Livy, Jane D. Chaplin,2007,page 268,"In Thrace, the praetor Marcus Cosconius fought successfully against the Scordisci"

[19] [19]
The praetorship in the Roman Republic by T. Corey Brennan,2000,page 229,"For his part, Cosconius campaigned successfully against the Scordisci,"

[20] [20]
The central Balkan tribes in pre-Roman times: Triballi, Autariatae, Dardanians, Scordisci and Moesians by Fanula Papazoglu,ISBN 90-256-0793-4,1978,page 286,"As to where the battle between the Scordisci and Cosconius' troops took place,nothing definite can be said. The Scordisci had perhaps entered Thrace"

[21] [21]
Appian and Illyricum by Marjeta Šašel Kos,2005,page 151,"A general who lost his life during an attack by the Scordisci is even epigraphically attested: the praetor Sextus Pompeius. His defeat is documented in an"

[22] [22]
Who's Who in the Roman World by John Hazel,2002,ISBN 0-415-29162-3,"Cato 1, Gaius Porcius (C2 BC), was a grandson of CATO (4) and a supporter of the ... He was consul in 114 BC, when he lost a battle against the Scordisci in Macedonia"

[23] [23]
Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe by Ion Grumeza,ISBN 0-7618-4465-1,2009,page 51: "... Many Scordisci and Breuci settled in Dacia nevertheless and were eventually absorbed into the local population. Among ..."

[24] [24]
Paterculus: The Tiberian Narrative (Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries) by Velleius Paterculus and A. J. Woodman,ISBN 0-521-60935-6,2004,page 106,"that in 12 B.C. Tiberius used the Scordisci tribe as allies, though in 16 they had been enemies pf Rome(54.20.3) .V. has already told us(39-3) that it was he who reconciled these natives to Rome presumably around 15 after his Alpine campaigns;"

[25] [25]
Tiberius (Blackwell Ancient Lives) by Robin Seager,ISBN 1-4051-1529-7,2005,page 21: "... AND GERMANY In 12 both brothers had a successful year.' Tiberius subdued Pannonia, making good use of a friendly tribe, the Scordisci. ..."

[26] [26]
Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0-631-19807-5,Page 256,"... reign of Trajan (AD 98-117), does the Roman citizenship begin to appear among the Illyrian communities of southeast Pannonia, the Andizetes, Scordisci and Breuci. ..."

[27] [27]
Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0-631-19807-5,page 145: "... Autariatae had vanished long before the Roman conquest, and the Triballi, Scordisci and Moesi all declined to insignificant remnants, the Dardani endured. ..."

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スコルディスキ

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