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2005年現在[update], Germany had a railway network of 41,315 km of which 34,211 km belonged to the national railway and 19,857 km were electrified, 18,201 km with double track.[4] The total track length was 76,473 km. Germany is a member of the 国際鉄道連合 (UIC). The UIC番号 for Germany is 80.
この項目「利用者:Namemiso/sandbox/ドイツの鉄道」は翻訳されたばかりのものです。不自然あるいは曖昧な表現などが含まれる可能性があり、このままでは読みづらいかもしれません。(原文:https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport_in_Germany&action=historysubmit&type=revision&diff=723827286&oldid=717732740 June 5th 2016 (Sun) 23:38 Dcirovic) 修正、加筆に協力し、現在の表現をより自然な表現にして下さる方を求めています。ノートページや履歴も参照してください。(2016年11月) |
ドイツ鉄道 | |||
---|---|---|---|
ICE 3、ザンクト・イングベルトにて | |||
運営 | |||
国営鉄道 | ドイツ鉄道 | ||
統計 | |||
乗客数 | 20億2千万人 (2013年、ドイツ鉄道のみ)[1] | ||
旅客輸送量 (人キロ) | 824億人キロ (2012年、ドイツ鉄道のみ)[2] | ||
貨物輸送量 (トンキロ) | 1059億 トンキロ (2012年、ドイツ鉄道のみ)[2] | ||
距離 | |||
総延長 | 41,315キロメートル (25,672 mi) [3] | ||
複線距離 | 18,201キロメートル (11,310 mi) | ||
電化距離 | 19,857キロメートル (12,339 mi) | ||
軌間 | |||
主な軌間 | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) | ||
電化方式 | |||
15 kV 16 2/3 Hz | Main network | ||
設備 | |||
|
There are around 23,500 powered rail vehicles in Germany, operated by the main operator Deutsche Bahn as well as around 1,500 smaller private railway companies:[5]
Passenger transport | Goods | Sum | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Long-distance | Short-distance | |||
Multiple units | 538 | 15,224 | 0 | 15,762 |
Locomotives | 2,650 | 1,950 | 3,134 | 7,734 |
Sum | 3,188 | 17,174 | 3,134 | 23,496 |
In 2006, railways in Germany carried around 119,968,000 passengers on long-distance trains (at an average distance of 288 km), and 2,091,828,000 passengers on short-distance trains (21 km on average). In the same year they carried 346,118,000 tonnes of goods at an average distance of 309 km.[6]
Deutsche Bahn (state-owned private company) is the main provider of railway service. In recent years a number of competitors have started business. They mostly offer state-subsidized regional services, but some, like Veolia Verkehr offer long-distance services as well.
InterRegio services, introduced in 1988 to replace the former Schnellzug and Intercity, were abolished in 2003. Deutsche Bahn is gradually increasing the percentage of InterCityExpress services, and downgrading the remaining InterCity services to the role formerly played by InterRegio.
German Railway history began with the opening of the steam-hauled Bavarian Ludwig Railway between Nuremberg and Fürth on 7 December 1835. The first long distance railway was the Leipzig-Dresden railway, completed on 7 April 1839. The following years saw a rapid growth: By the year 1845, there were already more than 2,000 km of railroads in Germany, ten years later that number was above 8,000.
German unification in 1871 stimulated consolidation, nationalization into state-owned companies, and further rapid growth.[7] Unlike the situation in France, the goal was support of industrialization, and so heavy lines crisscrossed the Ruhr and other industrial districts, and provided good connections to the major ports of Hamburg and Bremen. By 1880, Germany had 9,400 locomotives pulling 43,000 passengers and 30,000 tons of freight, and forged ahead of France.[8]
During the Second World War, austere versions of the standard locomotives were produced to speed up construction times and minimise the use of imported materials. These were the so-called war locomotives (Kriegslokomotiven and Übergangskriegslokomotiven). Absent a good highway network and trucks, the Germans relied heavily on the railways, supplemented by slower river and canal transport for bulk goods.[9]
In 1989, the Berlin Wall fell. Train frequency rapidly increased on the existing East/West corridors; closed links which had formerly crossed the border were re-opened. On 3 October 1990, Germany was reunified; however, this was not immediately the case with the railways. Administrative and organisational problems led to the decision to completely re-organise and reconnect Germany's railways. The so-called Bahnreform (Railway Reform) came into effect on 1 January 1994, when the State railways Deutsche Bundesbahn and Deutsche Reichsbahn were formally reunited to form the current German Railway Corporation (Deutsche Bahn).[10]
The German railways were long protected from competition from intercity buses on journeys over 50 km. However, in 2013, this protection was removed,[11] leading to a significant shift from rail to bus for long journeys.[12]
Gauge | Country/region | Companies | Notes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
name | metric (mm) | imperial | |||
Irish gauge | 1,600 | 5 ft 3 in | Germany | Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway 1840–1855[13] | |
Russian gauge | 1,520 | 4 ft 11+5⁄6 in | Germany | Only at Sassnitz/Mukran ferry terminal for freight train ferries to Klaipėda and Baltijsk, Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave between Poland and Lithuania on the Baltic Sea. | |
Standard gauge | 1,435 | 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in | Germany | Deutsche Bahn | This is the standard or international gauge |
Metre gauge | 1,000 | 3 ft 3+3⁄8 in | Germany | Harz Narrow Gauge Railways, trams | |
1,800 | 5 ft 10+7⁄8 in | Oberweißbacher Bergbahn (funicular section only)[13] | |||
1,458 | 4 ft 9+2⁄5 in | Leipziger Verkehrsbetriebe AG | |||
1,450 | 4 ft 9+1⁄5 in | Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe AG | |||
900 | 2 ft 11+7⁄16 in | Mecklenburgische Bäderbahn Molli | |||
750 | 2 ft 5+1⁄2 in | Lößnitzgrundbahn; Weißeritztalbahn; Döllnitzbahn GmbH; Zittauer Schmalspurbahn |
The European Union Commission issued a TSI (Technical Specifications for Interoperability) on 30 May 2002, (2002/735/EC) that sets out standard platform heights for passenger steps on high-speed rail. These standard heights are 550 mm and 760 mm.[14][note 1]
In Germany new builds are 550 mm and 760 mm. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern has new builds with 550 mm.[16] Hesse, NRW, Berlin had new builds with 760 mm.[16]
All these links are to countries of the same gauge, although electrification and other systems (such as signalling) may differ.
It is also possible to travel to London, United Kingdom by changing onto the Eurostar at Brussels.
German rail subsidies amounted to €17.0 billion in 2014,[17] and in 2013, 59% of the cost of short-distance passenger rail transport was covered by subsidies, although subsidies are generally not paid in the long-distance market.[18]
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