世界祖語(せかいそご、: Proto-world language)または人類祖語(じんるいそご、: Proto-human language)とは世界の全語族最も近い共通祖先として想定される言語

世界の語族の比較

アメリカ言語学者メリット・ルーレンは、試みとして多くの単語について、世界中の言語における似た音・語義の形の存在に基づいて、その祖語を追跡している。

ベングトソンとルーレンら(1994年)は27の「世界語源」を確認した。下の表(ルーレン(1994)による)はこれらの形からいくつかを挙げたものである。

さらに見る 言語, 誰? ...
言語誰?何?21/指腕(1)腕(2)曲げる/膝女性器におい/鼻
コイサン諸語ǃkūmaǀkamk´´āǁkɔnuǁkūǂhāǁgomǀkʼūǃkwaič’ū
ナイル・サハラ語族nadeballnkitokkanibokokutusumbutičona
ニジェール・コンゴ語族naninibalaengidikekonobokoboŋgobutu
アフロ・アジア語族k(w)mabwVrakʼʷatakganAbunqesommputsuna
南コーカサス語族minmayorrtˢʼqʼaerttʼotʼqemuqltomaputʼsun
ドラヴィダ語族yāviraṇṭunīrubirelukaŋkaymeṇḍapūṭapoččučuṇṭu
ユーラシア大語族kʷimipālāakʷātikkonVbhāghu(s)bük(ä)punčepʼutʼVsnā
デネ・コーカサス大語族kʷimagnyisʔoχʷatokkanboqpjuttˢʰāmputʼisuŋ
オーストリック大語族o-ko-em-anuʔ(m)barnamawntoʔxeenbaɣabukuśyāmbetikiǰuŋ
インド・太平洋大語族minaboulaokhodikakanbenbukuutusɨnna
オーストラリア諸語ŋaaniminhabulagugukumanmalapajingbuŋkupudamura
アメリンド大語族kunemanapʼālakwādɨkʼikanobokobukasummebutiečuna
閉じる

(Vは不明母音の意。)

これらの対応に基づき、ルーレン(1994b:105)は以下の語根を祖語として挙げている。

  • ku = 誰
  • ma = 何
  • pal = 2
  • akʷa = 水
  • tik = 指
  • kanV = 腕
  • boko = 腕
  • buŋku = 膝
  • sum = 髪
  • putV = 女性器
  • čuna = 鼻・におい

文献

  • Bengtson, John D. and Merritt Ruhlen. 1994. "Global etymologies." In Ruhlen 1994a, pp. 277–336.
  • Bengtson, John D. 2007. "On fossil dinosaurs and fossil words."
  • Campbell, Lyle, and William J. Poser. 2008. Language Classification: History and Method. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Edgar, Blake. 2008 "Letter from South Africa." Archaeology 61.2, March–April 2008.
  • Gell-Mann, Murray and Merritt Ruhlen. 2003. "The origin and evolution of syntax." (Also: HTML version.)
  • Givón, Talmy. 1979. On Understanding Grammar. New York: Academic Press.
  • Greenberg, Joseph. 1963. "Some universals of grammar with particular reference to the order of meaningful elements." In Universals of Language, edited by Joseph Greenberg, Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 58–90. (In second edition of Universals of Language, 1966: pp. 73–113.)
  • Greenberg, Joseph H. 1966. The Languages of Africa, revised edition. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. (Published simultaneously at The Hague by Mouton & Co.)
  • Greenberg, Joseph H. 1971. "The Indo-Pacific hypothesis." Reprinted in Joseph H. Greenberg, Genetic Linguistics: Essays on Theory and Method, edited by William Croft, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
  • Greenberg, Joseph H. 1987. Language in the Americas. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Greenberg, Joseph H. 2000-2002. Indo-European and Its Closest Relatives: The Eurasiatic Language Family. Volume 1: Grammar. Volume 2: Lexicon. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Klein, Richard G. and Blake Edgar. 2002. The Dawn of Human Culture. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
  • McDougall, Ian, Francis H. Brown, and John G. Fleagle. 2005. "Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia." Nature 433.7027, 733–736.
  • Ruhlen, Merritt. 1994a. On the Origin of Languages: Studies in Linguistic Taxonomy, Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Ruhlen, Merritt. 1994b. The Origin of Language: Tracing the Evolution of the Mother Tongue. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
  • Saussure, Ferdinand de. 1986. Course in General Linguistics, translated by Roy Harris. Chicago: Open Court. (English translation of 1972 edition of Cours de linguistique générale, originally published in 1916.)
  • Trombetti, Alfredo. 1905. L'unità d'origine del linguaggio. Bologna: Luigi Beltrami.
  • Trombetti, Alfredo. 1922-1923. Elementi di glottologia, 2 volumes. Bologna: Zanichelli.
  • Wells, Spencer. 2007. Deep Ancestry: Inside the Genographic Project. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic.
  • White, Tim D., B. Asfaw, D. DeGusta, H. Gilbert, G.D. Richards, G. Suwa, and F.C. Howell. 2003. "Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia." Nature 423:742–747.

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