Sasao a Torres–Banks

Ti sasao a Torres–Banks ket mangbukel iti maysa a pannkaisilpo ti sasao nga Akin-abagatan nga Oceaniko a naisasao giti Is-isla Torres ken Is-isla Banks iti akin-amianan a Vanuatu.

Torres–Banks
Heograpiko a pannakaiwarwaras	Is-isla Torres ken Is-isla Banks, Probinsia ti Torba, akin-amianan a Vanuatu
Lingguistika a pannakaidasig	Austronesio Malayo-Polinesio Oceaniko Akin-abagatan nga Oceaniko Vanuatu Akin-amianan a Vanuatu Torres–Banks
Glottolog	torr1262

Dagiti pagsasao

Bigbigen ni François (2011) dagiti 17 a pagsasao nga insasao babaen dagiti 9,400 a tattao kadagiti 50 a purok, a mairaman dagiti 16 nga agbibiag (3 ket matmatayen) ken maysa a naungaw a pagsasao.^[1]

Dagiti 17 a pagsasao, a nairanggo manipud iti amianan a laud aginggana iti abagatan a daya, ket:^[1]:181

Pagsasao	Bilang dagiti agsasao	Kodigo ti ISO 639-3	Is-isla a nangisasao
Hiw	280	hiw	Hiw
Lo-Toga	580	lht	Tegua, Lo, Toga
Lehali	200	tql	Ureparapara
Löyöp	240	urr	Ureparapara
Volow	naungaw	mlv	Mota Lava
Mwotlap	2100	mlv	Mota Lava
Lemerig	2 (matmatayen)	lrz	Vanua Lava
Vera'a	500	vra	Vanua Lava
Vurës	2000	msn	Vanua Lava
Mwesen	10 (matmatayen)	msn	Vanua Lava
Mota	750	mtt	Mota
Nume	700	tgs	Gaua
Dorig	300	wwo	Gaua
Koro	250	krf	Gaua
Olrat	3 (matmatayen)	olr	Gaua
Lakon	800	lkn	Gaua
Mwerlap	1100	mrm	Merelava

Ilista pay ni Codrington (1885) ti napauten a naungaw a pagsasao nga Alo-Teqel.

Dagiti komparatibo a panagadal

A. Nangipablaak ni François kadagiti nadumaduma a panagadal a mangiyasping kadagiti nadumaduma a langa ti sasao a Torres–Banks:

• François (2005): Imbentorio dagiti sistema ti paaweng, ken dagiti naipakasaritaan a panagrang-ayda;
• François (2007): Dagiti sistema artikulo a pangsandi, ken dagiti naipakasaritaan a panagrang-ayda;
• François (2009): Kasano a dagiti nadumaduma a pagsasao ket naggramatiko iti maysa nga agsmang iti nalag-ang a personal a pangsandi kadagiti pangmarka para iti aspekto ti “aorist”;
• François (2011): No kasano a mangipakita ti sasao a Torres–Banks ti estruktural nga isomorpismo, ngem dibersidad met iti leksiko;
• François (2013): Etimolohiko a pannakakonstrukto manen kadagiti espiritual a termino iti sasao a Torres–Banks;
• François (2015): Sistema dagiti a turong ti espasio, ken dagiti naipakasaritaan a panagrang-ayda;
• François (2016): Naipakasaritaan a morpolohia dagiti personal a pangsandi.

Ti François (2012) ket maysa a osiolingguistiko a panagadal iti dayta a banag.

Heneolohiko nga estruktura ti pannakaisilpo ti Torres–Banks

Ti internal nga estruktura ti pannakaisilpo ti Torres–Banks ket napategan a naibatay iti komparatibo a pamay-an, ken naipresenta iti batayan ti historikal a glotometria (François 2014, 2017; Kalyan & François 2018).

Inlasin ni Kalyan & François (2018: 81) dagiti sumaganad a kasayaatan a nasuportaran a subgrupo (iti agpababa nga urnos dagiti heneolohiko a kaasideg):

• Mwotlap – Volow
• Hiw – Lo-Toga
• Vurës – Mwesen
• Lemerig – Vera'a
• Koro – Olrat – Lakon
• Dorig – Koro – Olrat – Lakon
• Olrat – Lakon
• Lehali – Löyöp – Mwotlap – Volow
• agraman dagiti 15 a sasao a Banks (Lehali – Löyöp – Mwotlap – Volow – Lemerig – Vera'a – Vurës – Mwesen – Mota – Nume – Dorig – Koro – Olrat – Lakon – Mwerlap)
• kdpy.

Dagitinota

1. François (2011).

Dagiti nagibasaran

• Codrington, Robert Henry (1885). The Melanesian Languages. Oxford: Clarendon Press (napno a teksto manipud iti Internet Archive).
• François, Alexandre (2005), "Unraveling the history of the vowels of seventeen northern Vanuatu languages" (PDF), Oceanic Linguistics, 44 (2): 443–504, doi:10.1353/ol.2005.0034
• François, Alexandre (2007), "Noun articles in Torres and Banks languages: Conservation and innovation" (PDF), iti Siegel, Jeff; Lynch, John; Eades, Diana (dagiti ed.), Language Description, History and Development: Linguistic indulgence in memory of Terry Crowley, Creole Language Library 30, Amsterdam: Benjamins, pp. 313–326
• François, Alexandre (2009), "Verbal aspect and personal pronouns: The history of aorist markers in north Vanuatu" (PDF), iti Pawley, Andrew; Adelaar, Alexander (dagiti ed.), Austronesian historical linguistics and culture history: A festschrift for Bob Blust, vol. 601, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, pp. 179–195
• François, Alexandre (2011), "Social ecology and language history in the northern Vanuatu linkage: A tale of divergence and convergence", Journal of Historical Linguistics, 1 (2): 175–246, doi:10.1075/jhl.1.2.03fra, hdl:1885/29283.
• François, Alexandre (2012), "The dynamics of linguistic diversity: Egalitarian multilingualism and power imbalance among northern Vanuatu languages" (PDF), International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 214 (214): 85–110, doi:10.1515/ijsl-2012-0022
• François, Alexandre (2013), "Shadows of bygone lives: The histories of spiritual words in northern Vanuatu" (PDF), iti Mailhammer, Robert (ed.), Lexical and structural etymology: Beyond word histories, Studies in Language Change, vol. 11, Berlin: DeGruyter Mouton, pp. 185–244, ISBN 978-1-61451-058-1
• François, Alexandre (2014), "Trees, Waves and Linkages: Models of Language Diversification", iti Bowern, Claire; Evans, Bethwyn (dagiti ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Historical Linguistics, London: Routledge, pp. 161–189, ISBN 978-0-415-52789-7
• François, Alexandre (2015). "The ins and outs of up and down: Disentangling the nine geocentric space systems of Torres and Banks languages" (PDF). Iti Alexandre François; Sébastien Lacrampe; Michael Franjieh; Stefan Schnell (dagiti ed.). The languages of Vanuatu: Unity and diversity. Studies in the Languages of Island Melanesia. Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics. pp. 137–195. ISBN 978-1-922185-23-5.
• François, Alexandre (2016), "The historical morphology of personal pronouns in northern Vanuatu" (PDF), iti Pozdniakov, Konstantin (ed.), Comparatisme et reconstruction : tendances actuelles, Faits de Langues, vol. 47, Bern: Peter Lang, pp. 25–60
• François, Alexandre (2017). "Méthode comparative et chaînages linguistiques: Pour un modèle diffusionniste en généalogie des langues" (PDF). Iti Jean-Léo Léonard (ed.). Diffusion : implantation, affinités, convergence. Mémoires de la Société de Linguistique de Paris. Louvain: Peeters. pp. 43–82.
• Kalyan, Siva; François, Alexandre (2018), "Freeing the Comparative Method from the tree model: A framework for Historical Glottometry" (PDF), iti Kikusawa, Ritsuko; Reid, Laurie (dagiti ed.), Let's talk about trees: Tackling Problems in Representing Phylogenic Relationships among Languages, Senri Ethnological Studies, 98 (iti Ingles), Ōsaka: National Museum of Ethnology, pp. 59–89

Dagiti akinruar a silpo

• Mapa ken pakaammo kadagiti 17 a pagsasao ti Torres & Banks.