Ihe na-eme ka mmadụ ghara ịdị ọcha

Ihe na-emebi emebi bụ kemịkalụ ahịhịa ọ bụla a fesara ma ọ bụ fesa n'elu osisi iji mee ka akwụkwọ ha dapụ. A na-eji defoliants eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe maka iwepụ ahịhịa n'ịchịkwa ala ubi na ahịhịa. Iji defoliants eme ihe n'ụwa niile, yana mmepe nke ahịhịa ahịhịa na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ, nyere ohere maka Mgbanwe Green, mmụba nke mmepụta ugbo n'etiti narị afọ nke 20.[1] A na-ejikwa ndị defoliants na-alụ agha dị ka ụzọ isi napụ onye iro nke ihe ọkụkụ nri na / ma ọ bụ mkpuchi mkpuchi, karịsịa site na United Kingdom n'oge Mberede Malayan na United States na Agha Vietnam. Ndị agha Indonesia jikwa ihe mgbapụ na-eme ihe n'ime ọrụ nchekwa dị iche iche.^[1]

A na-eji ihe ndị na-eme ka akwụkwọ dị ọcha eme ihe dị ka ihe enyemaka n'iwepụta ihe ọkụkụ ụfọdụ dịka ogho.

2,4-D, otu n'ime ọgwụ mbụ e ji mee ihe dị ka defoliant.

Helikọpta Ndị agha US Huey na-awụsa Agent Orange n'elu ala ugbo n'oge Agha Vietnam.

Ojiji na itinye ya

Isi ihe eji eme ihe nke defoliants bụ igbu osisi. Abụọ n'ime ọgwụ herbicides kachasị ochie eji eme ihe dị ka defoliants bụ 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) na 2,4,5-Trichlorophenowyacetic acid (2,4,5-T). 2,4-D na 2,4,5-T na-amịkọrọ osisi ndị nwere akwụkwọ sara mbara, na-egbu ha site na ịkpata uto hormone gabigara ókè.^[2] E mere ọgwụ ahịhịa phenoxy ndị a iji gbuo ahịhịhịa na ahịhọta na ala a na-achọghị. E bu ụzọ webata ha na mbido Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ ma bụrụ ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ọrụ ugbo mgbe Agha ahụ biri.

Defoliants nwere uru bara uru n'iwepụta ihe ọkụkụ ụfọdụ, ọkachasị ogho, na United States yana ọtụtụ mba ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ogho. Ojiji nke defoliants na-enyere aka n'iwepụta ogho n'ụzọ dị irè na ogo dị mma.^[3] Ịdị irè nke iji defoliant eme ihe na owuwe ihe ubi na-adabere na ụdị defoliant (s) eji eme ihe, ọnụ ọgụgụ ngwa, ego a na-etinye, na mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi. Ihe ndị na-enyere owuwe ihe ubi aka na-agụnye tribufos, dimethipin, na thidiazuron. Dị ka akụkọ 1998 nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke US National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) si kwuo, tribufos na thidiazuron mejupụtara 60% nke ebe a na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ nke ndị na-eme ka ọ dị ọcha gwọọ n'oge afọ ihe ọkụkụ ahụ.^[4][5]

Ihe Nlereanya nke Defoliants

  Na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia n'oge Agha Vietnam, Egwurugwu Herbicides bụ otu kemịkalụ eji akọ eme ihe nke ndị agha United States ji. Onye isi ala Sweden Olof Palme, ndị ọka iwu, ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị akọwawo mbibi gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmebi a kpatara dị ka ecocide.. ^{[6] [7] [8][9][10]}

Ahụike na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi

N'afọ 1998, ụlọ ọrụ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) kwubiri na ojiji nke ihe ndị na-eme ka akwụkwọ ugbo na-emebi ihe ize ndụ nke mmetọ mmiri na ihe ize ndụ maka mmiri dị ọcha na Ndụ mmiri.^[4] A na-akpọ nnukwu doses nke tribufos dị ka ihe nwere ike ibute ọrịa kansa na nsí nye mmiri na Anụ ndị na-enweghị azụ. A na-akpọkwa Dimethipin dị ka ihe nwere ike ibute ọrịa kansa n'ahụ mmadụ.

Agent Orange, a defoliant nke United Kingdom ji mee ihe n'oge Malayan Emergency na 1950s na United States n'oge Agha Vietnam iji defoliate mpaghara Vietnam site na 1961 ruo 1971, ^[11] ejikọtara ya na ọtụtụ nsogbu ahụike ogologo oge.^[12] Agent Orange nwere ngwakọta nke 2,4-D na 2,4,5-T yana dioxin mmetọ. Ndị otu Air Force Ranch Hand na Army Chemical Corps ndị jere ozi na Agha Vietnam na-ahụkarị Agent Orange nwere oke ọrịa shuga, ọrịa obi, ọbara mgbali elu, na ọrịa iku ume na-adịghị ala.^[13]

N'etiti ọrụ ndị ọzọ, ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị elu nke ịrịa Ọrịa Alzheimer n'ihi ohere ka ukwuu nke ikpughe defoliant.^[14]

Hụkwa

• Ọgwụ Na-egbu Ọkụ Rainbow
• Mbibi nke ihe ọkụkụ
• Ndepụta nke isiokwu gburugburu ebe obibi

Ebem si dee

1. Aditjondro (2000). Ch 6. Ninjas, Nanggalas, Monuments, and Mossad Manuals. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1711-X.
2. Zierler (2011). Invention of Ecocide. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. ISBN 9786613110404.
3. Snipes (1992). "Evaluation of defoliant mixtures in cotton". Field Crops Research 28 (4): 327–334. DOI:10.1016/0378-4290(92)90018-5. ISSN 0378-4290.
4. Potter (2000). "Multiresidue Analysis of Cotton Defoliant, Herbicide, and Insecticide Residues in Water by Solid-Phase Extraction and GC−NPD, GC−MS, and HPLC−Diode Array Detection" (in en). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48 (9): 4103–4108. DOI:10.1021/jf9909104. ISSN 0021-8561. PMID 10995322.
5. NASS (1999). Agricultural Chemical Usage 1998 Field Crops Summary. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics and Economic Research Service. pg 141.
6. Zierler (2011). The invention of ecocide: agent orange, Vietnam, and the scientists who changed the way we think about the environment. Athens, Ga.: Univ. of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0-8203-3827-9.
7. How Imperative Is It To Consider Ecocide As An International Crime? (en). IJLLR (2022-12-18). Retrieved on 2023-06-21.
8. Falk (1973). "Environmental Warfare and Ecocide — Facts, Appraisal, and Proposals". Bulletin of Peace Proposals 4 (1): 80–96. DOI:10.1177/096701067300400105. ISSN 0007-5035.
9. Industrial disasters from Bhopal to present day: why the proposal to make 'ecocide' an international offence is persuasive – The Leaflet (en-US). theleaflet.in (2022-02-17). Retrieved on 2023-06-21.
10. Giovanni (2022-04-01). "Ecocide: From the Vietnam War to International Criminal Jurisdiction? Procedural Issues In-Between Environmental Science, Climate Change, and Law" (in en).
11. Tow Fawthrop (June 14, 2004). Vietnam's war against Agent Orange. bbc.co.uk.
12. Agent Orange Linked To Skin Cancer Risk. Science 2.0 (27 August 2014). Retrieved on 17 September 2014.
13. Kang (2006). "Health status of Army Chemical Corps Vietnam veterans who sprayed defoliant in Vietnam" (in en). American Journal of Industrial Medicine 49 (11): 875–884. DOI:10.1002/ajim.20385. ISSN 0271-3586. PMID 17006952.
14. Tyas (2001). "Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a population-based, longitudinal study in Manitoba, Canada" (in en). International Journal of Epidemiology 30 (3): 590–597. DOI:10.1093/ije/30.3.590. ISSN 1464-3685. PMID 11416089.