Qatna

Qatna (bahasa Arab: تل المشرفة, Tell al-Mishrifeh) adalah sebuah kota kuno yang terletak di Kegubernuran Homs, Suriah. Reruntuhan kota ini tergolong sebagai sebuah "tel" yang terletak di dekat desa al-Mishrifeh, sekitar 18 km (11 mi) di sebelah timur laut Homs. Qatna pernah menjadi kota penting pada milenium kedua SM dan paruh pertama milenium pertama SM. Di situs ini terdapat istana kerajaan terbesar dari Suriah Zaman Perunggu dan sebuah makam kerajaan yang menunjukkan praktik pemakaman pada masa itu.

Qatna

Citra Qatna dari satelit
Lokasi di Syria
Nama alternatif	Tell el-Mishrife تل المشرفة
Lokasi	al-Mishrifeh, Kegubernuran Homs, Suriah
Koordinat	34°50′06″N 36°51′57″E
Jenis	Permukiman
Sejarah
Didirikan	Sekitar 3300 SM
Ditinggalkan	1982
Periode	Zaman Perunggu, Zaman Besi
Budaya	Amorit, Aram
Catatan situs
Tanggal ditemukan	1924, 1927–1929, 1994, 1999–2011
Arkeolog	Robert du Mesnil du Buisson, Michel Al-Maqdissi, Daniele Morandi Bonacossi, dan Peter Pfälzner
Kondisi	Reruntuhan
Pemilik	Publik
Akses umum	Ya
Situs web	http://www.qatna.de/

Situs ini sempat dihuni untuk waktu yang singkat pada paruh kedua milenium keempat SM dan kemudian dihuni lagi sekitar tahun 2800 SM. Pada tahun 2000 SM, Qatna menjadi ibu kota sebuah kerajaan yang berkuasa di kawasan Syam tengah dan selatan. Kerajaan ini membina hubungan baik dengan Mari, tetapi terus menerus berperang melawan Yamhad. Pada abad ke-15 SM, Qatna tidak lagi menjadi kawasan yang memegang hegemoni di Syam dan kemudian dikuasai oleh Mitanni. Kota ini kemudian berganti tangan antara Mitanni dengan Mesir hingga akhirnya ditaklukkan dan dijarah oleh Bangsa Het pada akhir abad ke-14 SM. Setelah dihancurkan, kota Qatna mengalami kemunduran hingga akhirnya ditinggalkan penduduknya pada abad ke-13 SM. Situs ini dihuni kembali pada abad ke-10 SM dan menjadi pusat Kerajaan Palistin dan kemudian Hamat sampai dihancurkan oleh Bangsa Asyur pada 720 SM. Sesudah peristiwa ini, yang tersisa dari Qatna hanyalah sebuah desa kecil yang akhirnya hilang ditelan zaman pada abad ke-6 SM. Pada abad ke-19 M, situs tersebut dihuni oleh sejumlah warga desa. Pada tahun 1982, keturunan mereka dipindahkan ke sebuah desa yang baru dibangun, yaitu al-Mishrifeh. Situs Qatna sendiri sudah digali oleh para arkeolog sejak tahun 1920-an.

Qatna pernah dihuni oleh berbagai suku bangsa, khususnya bangsa Amori yang pernah mendirikan kerajaan di kota tersebut, dan kemudian orang Aram. Bangsa Hurri menjadi bagian dari masyarakat Qatna pada abad ke-15 SM dan memengaruhi perkembangan bahasa tertulis di kota tersebut. Seni rupa dari Qatna memiliki ciri khas dan menunjukkan tanda-tanda kontak dengan wilayah sekitarnya. Warga kota Qatna mengikuti berbagai kultus, termasuk kultus yang melakukan pemujaan nenek moyang. Lokasi Qatna di tengah jaringan perdagangan Timur Dekat membantunya mencapai kekayaan dan kemakmuran; kota ini berdagang dengan berbagai wilayah yang bahkan mencapai kawasan Baltik dan Afganistan. Daerah di sekitar Qatna subur dengan air yang melimpah, sehingga tanahnya cocok untuk kegiatan pergembalaan dan mampu menopang jumlah penduduk yang besar.

Daftar pustaka

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