Partai Demokrat Liberal (Jepang)

Partai Demokrat Liberal Jepang (自由民主党code: ja is deprecated , Jiyū-Minshutō), sering kali disingkat menjadi LDP atau Jimintō (自民党code: ja is deprecated ), adalah sebuah partai politik di Jepang yang berideologi konservatif.^[36]

Partai Demokrat Liberal 自由民主党 atau 自民党 Jiyū-Minshutō atau Jimintō
Singkatan	LDP
Presiden	Shigeru Ishiba
Wakil Presiden	Tarō Asō
Sekretaris Jenderal	Toshimitsu Motegi
Ketua di Dewan Penasihat	Masakazu Sekiguchi
Dibentuk	15 November 1955; 68 tahun lalu (1955-11-15)
Digabungkan dari	Partai Demokrat Jepang Partai Liberal
Kantor pusat	11-23, Nagatachō 1-chome, Chiyoda, Tokyo 100-8910, Jepang
Surat kabar	Jiyū Minshu[1]
Keanggotaan (2022)	1,136,445[2]
Ideologi	Konservatisme[3][4][5][6][7][8][9] Nasionalisme Jepang[10][11][12][13][14] Populisme sayap kanan[12][15][16] Neokonservatisme Jepang[17] Faksi: Ultranasionalisme[13][18][19] Konservatisme sosial[20][21][22] Liberalisme[23][24]
Posisi politik	Sayap kanan[25][a]
Warna	Merah[lower-alpha 1][26] dan   Hijau[lower-alpha 2][27]
Himne	"われら"[28] ("We")
Anggota Dewan Penasihat	113 / 245
Anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat	285 / 465
Anggota majelis prefektur[29]	1.301 / 2.668
Anggota majelis desa, kota, dan kotamadya[29]	2.180 / 29.762
Lambang pemilu
Situs web
jimin.jp
Politik Jepang Partai politik Pemilihan umum ^ a: Partai Demokrat Liberal adalah sebuah partai tenda besar berideologi konservatif.[30][31] LDP juga dideskripsikan sebagai partai berporos kanan tengah,[32] tetapi LDP memiliki faksi berporos kanan jauh[33] dan ultrakonservatif,[34] dan banyak anggotanya merupakan bagian dari Nippon Kaigi, serta faksi-faksi yang lebih berporos ke politik sentris.[35]

LDP hampir terus-menerus berkuasa sejak didirikan pada tahun 1955—periode yang disebut Sistem 1955—dengan pengecualian antara periode tahun 1993 sampai 1994, dan lagi dari tahun 2009 sampai 2012. Pada pemilihan umum tahun 2012, LDP kembali memegang kendali atas pemerintahan. LDP merebut 285 kursi di majelis rendah dan 113 kursi di majelis tinggi, dan setelah berkoalisi dengan Komeito, mereka berhasil meraih status supermayoritas atau memiliki dua per tiga suara di kedua majelis tersebut. Selain Perdana Menteri Shinzo Abe, banyak anggota serta mantan menteri LDP juga menjadi bagian dari Nippon Kaigi, sebuah organisasi ultranasionalis dan pendukung sistem monarki.^[18][37]

Sejarah

Tahun-tahun awal

Konvensi pembentukan LDP pada tanggal 15 November 1955

LDP dibentuk pada tahun 1955 sebagai hasil merger antara dua partai politik di Jepang—yaitu Partai Liberal (自由党code: ja is deprecated , Jiyutō, 1945–1955, yang dipimpin oleh Shigeru Yoshida) dan Partai Demokrat Jepang (日本民主党code: ja is deprecated , Nihon Minshutō, 1954–1955, yang dipimpin oleh Ichirō Hatoyama)—yang masing-masing merupakan partai beraliran konservatif berporos sayap kanan, sebagai front terdepan untuk menghadapi partai yang populer pada saat itu, Partai Sosialis Jepang (日本社会党code: ja is deprecated , Nipponshakaitō), sekarang menjadi Partai Demokrat Sosial (社会民主党code: ja is deprecated , Shakaiminshutō). LDP memenangkan pemilihan umum yang berikutnya, dan mereka membentuk pemerintahan konservatif Jepang pertama dengan status mayoritas di parlemen pada tahun 1955. LDP akan terus mempertahankan status pemerintahan mayoritas mereka di parlemen sampai tahun 1993.

LDP mulai mereformasi hubungan Jepang di kancah internasional, dimulai dari masuknya Jepang ke Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa, sampai menjalin hubungan diplomatik dengan Uni Soviet. Para pemimpin LDP pada dekade tahun 1950-an juga menjadikan LDP sebagai partai utama pemerintahan, dan pada seluruh pemilihan umum dekade tahun 1950-an, LDP memenangkan suara mayoritas. Satu-satunya pihak oposisi berasal dari partai berporos politik sayap kiri, yang terdiri dari Partai Sosialis Jepang dan Partai Komunis Jepang.

Dari dekade tahun 1950-an sampai 1970-an, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) dari Amerika Serikat menghabiskan jutaan dolar dalam rangka mempengaruhi pemilihan umum di Jepang agar bisa memberikan LDP keuntungan terhadap partai-partai berporos kiri seperti Partai Sosialis Jepang dan Partai Komunis Jepang,^[38][39] meskipun fakta tersebut baru terungkap ketika The New York Times mengeksposnya pada pertengahan dekade tahun 1990-an.^[40]

Struktur

Kepemimpinan

Posisi	Nama	Faksi
Presiden	Yoshihide Suga	Hosoda (Seiwa Seisaku Kenkyū-kai)
Deputi Pemimpin	Masahiko Kōmura	Asō (Shikō-kai)
Sekretaris Jenderal	Toshihiro Nikai	Nikai (Shisui-kai)
Wakil Sekretaris Jenderal	Kōichi Hagiuda	Hosoda
Deputi Sekretaris Jenderal	Motoo Hayashi	Asō
	Katsutoshi Kaneda	Takeshita (Heisei Kenkyū-kai)
	Naoki Okada	Hosoda
Ketua Dewan Penelitian Urusan Kebijakan	Fumio Kishida	Kishida (Kōchi-kai)
Ketua Komite Urusan Keuangan	Yūji Yamamoto	Ishiba (Suigetsu-kai)
Ketua Komite Kampanye Pemilihan Umum	Ryū Shionoya	Hosoda
Manajer Umum Organisasi Partai	Taimei Yamaguchi	Takeshita
Manajer Umum Hubungan Masyarakat	Takuya Hirai	Kishida
Ketua Komite Urusan Diet	Hiroshi Moriyama	Ishihara (Kinmirai Seiji Kenkyū-kai)
Ketua Penegak Partai	Akiko Santō	Asō
Ketua Dewan Perwakilan Umum	Hajime Funada	Takeshita
Ketua Dewan Urusan Umum	Wataru Takeshita	Takeshita
Ketua Dewan Umum Majelis Gabungan	Hidehisa Otsuji	Takeshita
Ketua Dewan Umum Majelis	Seiko Hashimoto	Hosoda
Sekretaris Jenderal Umum Majelis	Hiromi Yoshida	Takeshita
Ketua Dewan Urusan Kebijakan Majelis	Keizō Takemi	Asō
Ketua Komite Urusan Diet Majelis	Masakazu Sekiguchi	Takeshita
Direktur Sekolah Lulusan Politik Pusat	Takeshi Iwaya	Asō

Faksi

Artikel utama: Faksi dalam Partai Demokratis Liberal (Jepang)

Faksi saat ini dalam PDL termasuk:

• Seiwa Seisaku Kenkyūkai (dipimpin oleh kepemimpinan bersama)
• Shikoukai (dipimpin oleh Taro Aso)
• Heisei Kenkyūkai (dipimpin oleh Toshimitsu Motegi)
• Kouchikai (dipimpin oleh Fumio Kishida)
• Shisuikai (dipimpin oleh Toshihiro Nikai)
• Kinmirai Seiji Kenkyūkai (dipimpin oleh Hiroshi Moriyama)
• Suigetsukai (dipimpin oleh Shigeru Ishiba)

Keanggotaan

LDP memiliki lebih dari lima juta anggota partai pada tahun 1990. Hingga bulan Desember 2017, keanggotaan partai menurun menjadi sekitar satu juta anggota.^[41]

Presiden

Terkecuali Yohei Kono dan Sadakazu Tanigaki, setiap Presiden LDP (自由民主党総裁code: ja is deprecated , Jiyū-Minshutō Sōsai)^[42] pernah menjabat sebagai Perdana Menteri Jepang.

No.	Nama	Periode jabatan		Hasil pemilihan	Foto
		Mulai	Selesai
Partai pendahulu: Partai Demokrat (1954) & Partai Liberal (1950)
Komite Kepemimpinan Sementara
–	Ichirō Hatoyama	15 November 1955	5 April 1956	Komite Kepemimpinan Sementara
	Bukichi Miki
	Banboku Oono
	Taketora Ogata		28 Januari 1956
	Tsuruhei Matsuno	10 Februari 1956	5 April 1956
Pemimpin
1	Ichirō Hatoyama	5 April 1956	14 Desember 1956	Ichirō Hatoyama – 394 Nobusuke Kishi – 4 Lainnya – 15
2	Tanzan Ishibashi	14 Desember 1956	21 Maret 1957	Putaran 1 Nobusuke Kishi – 223 Tanzan Ishibashi – 151 Mitsujiro Ishii – 137 Putaran 2 Tanzan Ishibashi – 258 Nobusuke Kishi – 251
3	Nobusuke Kishi	21 Maret 1957	14 Juli 1960	1957 Nobusuke Kishi – 471 Kenzō Matsumura – 2 Tokutaro Kitamura – 1 Mitsujirō Ishii – 1 1959 Nobusuke Kishi – 320 Kenzō Matsumura – 166 Lainnya – 5
4	Hayato Ikeda	14 Juli 1960	1 Desember 1964	Putaran 1 1960 Hayato Ikeda – 246 Mitsujirō Ishii – 194 Aiichirō Fujiyama – 49 Lainnya – 7 Putaran 2 1960 Hayato Ikeda – 302 Mitsujirō Ishii – 194 1962 Hayato Ikeda – 391 Eisaku Satō – 17 Lainnya – 20 Juli 1964 Hayato Ikeda – 242 Eisaku Satō – 160 Aiichirō Fujiyama – 72 Hirokichi Nadao – 1
5	Eisaku Satō	1 Desember 1964	5 Juli 1972	November 1964 Eisaku Satō – Y Aiichirō Fujiyama – T Ichirō Kōno – T 1966 Eisaku Satō – 289 Aiichirō Fujiyama – 89 Shigesaburō Maeo – 47 Hirokichi Nadao – 11 Uichi Noda – 9 Lainnya – 5 1968 Eisaku Satō – 249 Takeo Miki – 107 Shigesaburō Maeo – 95 Lainnya – 25 1970 Eisaku Satō – 353 Takeo Miki – 111 Lainnya – 3
6	Kakuei Tanaka	5 Juli 1972	4 Desember 1974	Tanaka Kakuei – 282 Takeo Fukuda – 180
7	Takeo Miki	4 Desember 1974	23 Desember 1976	1974 Takeo Miki – Y Takeo Fukuda – T Masayoshi Ōhira – T Yasuhiro Nakasone – T
8	Takeo Fukuda	23 Desember 1976	1 Desember 1978	1976 Takeo Fukuda – Y Masayoshi Ōhira – T
9	Masayoshi Ōhira (Died in office)	1 Desember 1978	12 Juni 1980	Putaran 1 Masayoshi Ōhira – 748 Fukuda Takeo – 638 Yasuhiro Nakasone – 93 Toshio Kōmoto – 46 Putaran 2 Tanpa lawan
—	Eiichi Nishimura	12 Juni 1980	15 Juli 1980	Pejabat sementara
10	Zenkō Suzuki	15 Juli 1980	25 November 1982	Putaran 1 Zenko Suzuki – Y Kiichi Miyazawa – T Yasuhiro Nakasone – T Toshio Kōmoto – T Putaran 2 Tanpa lawan
11	Yasuhiro Nakasone	25 November 1982	31 Oktober 1987	Putaran 1 1982 Yasuhiro Nakasone – 57.6% (559,673) Toshio Kōmoto – 27.2% (265,078) Shintarō Abe – 8.2% (80,443) Ichirō Nakagawa – 6.8% (66,041) Putaran 2 1982 Tanpa lawan 1984 Mundur tanpa menentang 1986 1-year Extension
12	Noboru Takeshita	31 Oktober 1987	2 Juni 1989	1987 Noboru Takeshita – Y Shintarō Abe – T Kiichi Miyazawa – T
13	Sōsuke Uno	2 Juni 1989	8 Agustus 1989	1989 Sōsuke Uno – Y Masayoshi Itō – T
14	Toshiki Kaifu	8 Agustus 1989	30 Oktober 1991	Putaran 1 Toshiki Kaifu – 279 Yoshirō Hayashi – 120 Shintarō Ishihara – 48 Putaran 2 Tanpa lawan
15	Kiichi Miyazawa	31 Oktober 1991	29 Juli 1993	Kiichi Miyazawa – 285 Michio Wantanabe – 120 Hiroshi Mitsuzuka – 87
16	Yōhei Kōno	29 Juli 1993	1 Oktober 1995	Putaran 1 Yōhei Kōno – 208 Michio Wantanabe – 159 Putaran 2 Tanpa lawan
17	Ryutaro Hashimoto	1 Oktober 1995	24 Juli 1998	1995 Ryutaro Hashimoto – 304 Junichiro Koizumi – 87 1997 Mundur tanpa menentang
18	Keizō Obuchi	24 Juli 1998	5 April 2000	1998 Keizō Obuchi – 225 Seiroku Kajiyama – 102 Junichiro Koizumi – 84 1999 Keizō Obuchi – 350 Koichi Kato – 113 Taku Yamasaki – 51
19	Yoshirō Mori	5 April 2000	24 April 2001	2000 Yoshirō Mori – Y Mikio Aoki – T Masakuni Murakami – T Hiromu Nonaka – T Shizuka Kamei – T
20	Junichiro Koizumi	24 April 2001	20 September 2006	Putaran 1 2001 Junichiro Koizumi – 298 Ryutaro Hashimoto – 155 Tarō Asō – 31 Putaran 2 2001 Tanpa lawan 2003 Junichiro Koizumi – 339 Shizuka Kamei – 139 Takao Fujii – 65 Masahiko Kōmura – 54
21	Shinzo Abe	20 September 2006	26 September 2007	2006 Shinzo Abe – 464 Tarō Asō – 136 Sadakazu Tanigaki – 102
22	Yasuo Fukuda	26 September 2007	22 September 2008	2007 Yasuo Fukuda – 330 Tarō Asō – 197
23	Tarō Asō	22 September 2008	16 September 2009	2008 Tarō Asō – 351 Kaoru Yosano – 66 Yuriko Koike – 46 Nobuteru Ishihara – 37 Shigeru Ishiba – 25
24	Sadakazu Tanigaki	28 September 2009	26 September 2012	2009 Sadakazu Tanigaki – 300 Taro Kono – 144 Yasutoshi Nishimura – 54
21	Shinzo Abe	26 September 2012	September 2020	Putaran 1 2012 Shinzo Abe – 464 Shigeru Ishiba – 199 Nobuteru Ishihara – 96 Nobutaka Machimura 34 Yoshimasa Hayashi – 27 Putaran 2 2012 Shinzo Abe – 108 Shigeru Ishiba – 89 2015 Mundur tanpa menentang 2018 Shinzo Abe – 553 Shigeru Ishiba – 254
25	Yoshihide Suga	14 September 2020	30 September 2021	2020 Yoshihide Suga – 377 Fumio Kishida – 89 Shigeru Ishiba – 68
26	Fumio Kishida	30 September 2021	Petahana	2021 Putaran 1 2021 Fumio Kishida – 256 Taro Kono – 255 Sanae Takaichi – 188 Seiko Noda – 63 Putaran 2 2021 Fumio Kishida – 257 Taro Kono – 170

Lihat pula

• Portal Jepang

• Sejarah Jepang
• Honebuto no hōshin
• Komeito
• Netto-uyoku
• Daftar partai politik di Jepang
• Politik Jepang

Catatan

1. sejak 2017
2. sebelum 2017 dan khusus situs web bahasa inggris

Referensi

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23. 今さら聞けない?! 「保守」「リベラル」ってなんだ？ [Can't you ask about them now ?! What are "conservative" and "liberal"?] (dalam bahasa Jepang). Diakses tanggal 5 Juni 2020. ところが、現実の政治はもっと複雑です。自民党にもリベラル派がたくさんいるからです。自民党は考え方の近い人たちが派閥というグループをつくっています。(However, real politics is more complicated. This is because there are many liberals in the LDP. The Liberal Democratic Party is made up of groups of people with similar ideas, called factions.)
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    • David M. O'Brien, Yasuo goshi, ed. (1996). To Dream of Dreams: Religious Freedom and Constitutional Politics in Postwar Japan. University of Hawaii Press. hlm. 63.
    • J. A. A. Stockwin, ed. (2003). Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Japan. Routledge. hlm. 88.
34. • "Japan is having an election next month. Here's why it matters". The Japan Times. 22 November 2014. Diakses tanggal 8 Juli 2020. When Abe appointed five female ministers in September, two of which were forced to step down over scandals, a number of political commentators viewed the move with some cynicism, suggesting that the prime minister didn’t pay much attention to the qualifications of the candidates. Most of the women he chose were ultra-conservatives such as Eriko Yamatani, minister in charge of the North Korea abductee issue.
    • "Japan, led by less apologetic generation, stays tough in South Korea feud". Reuters. 8 Agustus 2019. Diakses tanggal 8 Juli 2020. Electoral system changes and three years in opposition helped ultra-conservative lawmakers and lobby groups strengthen their clout in the LDP.
35. • "Portrait of Japan's main political parties". 17 Desember 2012. Diakses tanggal 26 Juni 2020. A union of centrist and rightwing parties created with US support after the second world war
    • "Freedom house 2016 Japan". Freedom house. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-08-12. Diakses tanggal 2020-09-02. The LDP is a broad party whose members share a commitment to economic growth and free trade, but whose other political beliefs span from the center to the far right.
36. Partai Demokrat Liberal secara luas dianggap memiliki ideologi konservatif:

    • Blanpain, Roger; Tiraboschi, Michele; Ortiz, Pablo Arellano (2008). The Global Labour Market: From Globalization to Flexicurity. Kluwer Law International. hlm. 268. ISBN 978-90-411-2722-8.
    • Kingston, Jeff (2011). Japan in Transformation, 1945-2010. Routledge. hlm. 19. ISBN 978-1-317-86192-8.
    • Richardson, Bradley (2001). "Japan's "1955 System" and Beyond". Dalam Diamond, Larry; Gunther, Richard. Political Parties and Democracy. JHU Press. hlm. 145. ISBN 978-0-8018-6863-4.
    • Zagorski, Paul W. (2009). Comparative Politics: Continuity and Breakdown in the Contemporary World. Routledge. hlm. 111. ISBN 978-1-135-96979-0.
    • Christensen, Ray (2000). Ending the LDP Hegemony: Party Cooperation in Japan. University of Hawaii Press. hlm. 232. ISBN 978-0-8248-2295-8.
37. "Tea Party Politics in Japan". The New York Times. 13 September 2014. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 17 Agustus 2016.
38. Weiner, Tim (9 Oktober 1994). "C.I.A. Spent Millions to Support Japanese Right in 50's and 60's". The New York Times. Diakses tanggal 29 December 2007.
39. "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Vol. XXIX, Part 2, Japan". Departemen Dalam Negeri Amerika Serikat. 18 Juli 2006. Diakses tanggal 29 Desember 2007.
40. Johnson, Chalmers (Juli 1995). "The 1955 System and the American Connection: A Bibliographic Introduction" (Working Paper) (11). Japan Policy Research Institute. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-07-25. Diakses tanggal 2020-09-03.
41. "役員会後 二階幹事長記者会見" (Siaran pers). Liberal Democratic Party. 5 Maret 2018.
42. "The President". Liberal Democratic Party of Japan. Diakses tanggal 13 September 2020.

Bibliografi

• Helms, Ludger (2013). Parliamentary Opposition in Old and New Democracies. Routledge Press. ISBN 978-1-31797-031-6.
• Henderson, Jeffrey (2011). East Asian Transformation: On the Political Economy of Dynamism, Governance and Crisis. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-13684-113-2.
• Köllner, Patrick. "The Liberal Democratic Party at 50: Sources of Dominance and Changes in the Koizumi Era," Social Science Japan Journal (Oct 2006) 9#2 pp 243–257.
• Krauss, Ellis S., and Robert J. Pekkanen. "The Rise and Fall of Japan's Liberal Democratic Party," Journal of Asian Studies (2010) 69#1 pp 5–15, focuses on the 2009 election.
• Krauss, Ellis S., and Robert J. Pekkanen, eds. The Rise and Fall of Japan's LDP: Political Party Organizations as Historical Institutions (Cornell University Press; 2010) 344 pages; essays by scholars
• Scheiner, Ethan. Democracy without Competition in Japan: Opposition Failure in a One-Party Dominant State (Cambridge University Press, 2006)

Pranala luar

• Situs web resmi LDP (Partai Demokrat Liberal) (Inggris)