Dashti, Ali(1994).Twenty-Three Years: A Study of the Prophetic Career of Mohammad.Mazda.ISBN 1-56859-029-6.
Hamidullah, Muhammad(1998).The Life and Work of the Prophet of Islam.(s.n.)(Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute).ISBN 969-8413-00-6.
Motzki, Harald, ed.(2000).The Biography of Muhammad: The Issue of the Sources (Islamic History and Civilization: Studies and Texts, Vol. 32).Brill.ISBN 90-04-11513-7.
Rodinson, Maxime(2002).Muhammad: Prophet of Islam.Tauris Parke Paperbacks.ISBN 1-86064-827-4.
Rubin, Uri(1995).The Eye of the Beholder: The Life of Muhammad as Viewed by the Early Muslims (A Textual Analysis).Darwin Press.ISBN 0-87850-110-X.
Schimmel, Annemarie(1985).And Muhammad is His Messenger: The Veneration of the Prophet in Islamic Piety.The University of North Carolina Press.ISBN 0-8078-4128-5.
Stillman, Norman(1975).The Jews of Arab Lands: a History and Source Book.Jewish Publication Society of America.ISBN 0-8276-0198-0.
Warraq, Ibn(2000).The Quest for the Historical Muhammad.Prometheus Books.ISBN 1-57392-787-2.
The Hero as Prophet A passionate championship of Prophet Muhammad as a Hegelian agent of reform. by Carlyle, Thomas (1795-1881) On Heroes and the Heroic in History. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1966.