जिन विभिन्न अवयवों का उपयोग करके इलेक्ट्रॉनिक परिपथ (जैसे- आसिलेटर, प्रवर्धक, पॉवर सप्लाई आदि) बनाये जाते हैं उन्हें इलेक्ट्रॉनिक अवयव (electronic component) कहते हैं इलेक्ट्रॉनिक अवयव दो सिरे वाले, तीन सिरों वाले या इससे अधिक सिरों वाले होते हैं जिन्हें सोल्डर करके या किसी अन्य विधि से (जैसे स्क्रू से कसकर) परिपथ में जोड़ा जाता है। प्रतिरोधक, प्रेरकत्व, संधारित्र, डायोड, ट्रांजिस्टर (या बीजेटी), मॉसफेट, आईजीबीटी, एससीआर, फोटो डायोड, प्रकाश उत्सर्जक डायोड, आपरेशनल एम्प्लिफायर एवं अन्य एकीकृत परिपथ आदि प्रमुख इलेक्ट्रॉनिक अवयव हैं।

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वर्गीकरण

इलेक्ट्रॉनिक अवयव दो प्रकार के होते हैं-

निष्क्रिय अवयव (पैसिव एलिमेन्ट्स)- वे अवयव जिनको कार्य करने के लिये किसी बाहरी उर्जा स्रोत की आवश्यकता नहीं पड़ती; न ही इनका चालकता आदि का गुण किसी अन्य वोल्टता या धारा से नियंत्रित होती है। उदाहरण: प्रतिरोधक, संधारित्र,आदि
सक्रिय अवयव (ऐक्टिव अवयव)- इन अवयवों की चालकता आदि अन्य धारा या विभव के मान से नियन्त्रित होता है। ये किसी संकेत का आवर्धन कर सकते हैं। जिस परिपथ में एक भी सक्रिय अवयव न हो उस परिपथ को 'इलेक्ट्रॉनिक परिपथ' नहीं कहना चाहिये। उदाहरण: ट्रांजिस्टर, मॉसफेट, पेन्टोड आदि

टर्मिनल और कनेक्टर (Terminals and connectors)

Devices to make electrical connection

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Terminal

Connector
- Socket
- Screw terminal, Terminal Blocks
- Header
  - Closed

कॉर्ड्स (Cords)

Cables with connectors or terminals at their ends

Power cord
Patch cord
Test lead

स्विच (Switch)

Components that may be made to either conduct (closed) or not (open)

स्विच - manually operated switch
Keypad - small array of pushbutton switches
रिले - Electrically operated switch. This is a mechanical component, unlike the Solid State Relay
Reed switch - Magnetically activated switch
Thermostat - Thermally activated switch
परिपथ विच्छेदक (Circuit Breaker) - Over-current activated switch
Limit switch - Mechanically activated switch
Mercury switch
Centrifugal switch

प्रतिरोधक (Resistors)

Components used to resist current.

See the Transducer section below for resistors used to sense environmental conditions (Thermistor, Photo resistor, RTD...)
See the Protection section below for resistors used for current or voltage limiting (MOV, Inrush Limiters...)

प्रतिरोधक - fixed value
Resistor network - array of resistors in one package
Trimmer - Small variable resistor
Potentiometer, Rheostat - variable resistor
Heater - heating element
Resistance wire - wire of high-resistance material, similar to heating element
Thermistor - temperature-varied resistor
Varistor - voltage-varied resistor

सुरक्षा सम्बन्धी अवयव (Protection devices)

Passive components that protect circuits from excessive currents or voltages

While these components technically belong to the Wire, Resistor and Vacuum classes, they are grouped here based on their use.
Active components that perform a protection function are in the Semiconductor class, below.

फ्यूज - Over-current protection, one time use
Resettable fuse (PolySwitch, self-resetting fuse)- Over-current protection, resettable
Metal Oxide Varistor, Surge Absorber (MOV) - Over-voltage protection. These are passive components, unlike the TVS
Inrush current limiter - protection against initial Inrush current
Gas Discharge Tube - protection against high voltage surges
परिपथ विच्छेदक - Over-current activated switch
Spark gap - two electrodes with a gap in between to create arcing
Filament lamp
GFCI or RCD

संधारित्र

Components that store electrical charge in an electrical field. Capacitors are used for filtration in the electronic circuits. Capacitors in general pass changing (e.g. AC) and block unchanging (e.g. DC) voltage levels.

संधारित्र - fixed capacitance
संधारित्र नेटवर्क (array)
परिवर्तनशील संधारित्र (Variable capacitor) - change the capacitance
Varicap diode - variable capacitor come diode

चुम्बकीय अवयव (Magnetic (inductive) devices)

Electrical components that use magnetism

प्रेरक, कुण्डली, चोक
Variable inductor
Saturable Inductor
परिणामित्र (ट्रान्सफॉर्मर)
चुम्बकीय प्रवर्धक (Magnetic amplifier) (toroid)
Ferrite impedances, beads
मोटर / जनित्र
परिनालिका (Solenoid)
स्पीकर / माइक्रोफोन

नेटवर्क (Networks)

Components that use more than one type of passive component

RC नेटवर्क - forms an RC circuit, used in Snubbers
LC नेटवर्क - forms an LC circuit, used in tuneable transformers and RFI filters

saurabh shakya

पीजोएलेक्ट्रिक अवयव (Piezoelectric devices, crystals, resonators)

पीजोएलेक्ट्रिक प्रभाव का उपयोग करके कुछ पैसिव अवयव (Passive components) उपलब्ध हैं-

ऐसे अवयव जो उच्च आवृत्ति पैदा करते हैं या उच्च आवृत्ति को फिल्टर करते हैं-
- क्रिस्टल - Is a ceramic crystal used to generate precise frequencies (See the Modules class below for complete oscillators)
- सिरामिक अनुनादक (Ceramic resonator) - Is a ceramic crystal used to generate semi-precise frequencies
- सिरामिक फिल्टर - Is a ceramic crystal used to filter a band of frequencies such as in radio receivers
- सरफेस एकाउस्टिक वेव (SAW) फिल्टर
दाबविद्युत प्रभाव को यांत्रिक संसूचक की तरह प्रयोग करने वाले अवयव
- पराश्रव्य मोटर (Ultrasonic motor) - Electric motor that uses the piezoelectric effect
- पीजो-बजर पीजो-माइक्रोफोन

शक्ति स्रोत (Power sources)

Sources of electrical power

बैटरी - acid- or alkali-based power supply
ईंधन सेल (Fuel cell) - an electrochemical generator
विद्युत प्रदायी (Power supply) - usually a mains hook-up
Photo voltaic device - generates electricity from light
Thermo electric generator - generates electricity from temperature gradients
विद्युत जनित्र - an electromechanical power source

संसूचक आदि (Transducers, sensors, detectors)

Transducers generate physical effects when driven by an electrical signal, or vice-versa.
Sensors (detectors) are transducers that react to environmental conditions by changing their electrical properties or generating an electrical signal.
The Transducers listed here are single electronic components (as opposed to complete assemblies), and are passive (see Semiconductors and Tubes for active ones). Only the most common ones are listed here.

Audio (see also Piezoelectric devices)
- लाउडस्पीकर - Magnetic or piezoelectric device to generate full audio
- Buzzer - Magnetic or piezoelectric sounder to generate tones
Position, motion
- Linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) - Magnetic - detects linear position
- Rotary encoder, Shaft Encoder - Optical, magnetic, resistive or switches - detects absolute or relative angle or rotational speed
- Inclinometer - Capacitive - detects angle with respect to gravity
- Motion sensor, Vibration sensor
- Flow meter - detects flow in liquid or gas
Force, torque
- Strain gauge - Piezoelectric or resistive - detects squeezing, stretching, twisting
- Accelerometer - Piezoelectric - detects acceleration, gravity
Thermal
- तापयुग्म (Thermocouple), thermopile - Wires that generate a voltage proportional to delta temperature
- थर्मिस्टर - Resistor whose resistance changes with temperature, up PTC or down NTC
- Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) - Wire whose resistance changes with temperature
- Bolometer
- Thermal cutoff - Switch that is opened or closed when a set temperature is exceeded
Magnetic field (see also Hall Effect in semiconductors)
- Magnetometer, Gauss meter
Humidity
- आर्द्रतामापी (Hygrometer)
Electromagnetic, light
- Photo resistor - Light dependent resistor (LDR)

सॉलिड स्टेट / अर्धचालक अवयव (Solid State components, Semiconductors)

Electronic control components with no moving parts. Active components

डायोड

A device which conducts electricity in only one direction.

डायोड, ऋजुकारी, [[सेतु ऋजुकारी (Bridge Rectifier)
शॉटकी डायोड - super fast diode with low forward voltage drop
जेनर डायोड - lets electricity flow "backwards" if it is suitably high in voltage
Transient Voltage Suppression Diode (TVS), Unipolar or Bipolar - used to block high-voltage spikes
Varactor, Tuning diode, Varicap, Variable Capacitance Diode - A diode come capacitor
प्रकाश उत्सर्जक डायोड (LED) - A diode which gives out light
- LASER Diode - A laser LED
Photodiode - Only passes power when in light
- Solar Cell, photovoltaic cell, PV array or panel
- Avalanche Photodiode
Diode for Alternating Current (DIAC, Trigger Diode, SIDAC)
धारा स्रोत (Current source) Diode
Peltier cooler

ट्रांजिस्टर

Bipolar transistors
- बीजेटी (BJT, "transistor") - NPN or PNP
  - Photo transistor
- Darlington transistor - NPN or PNP
  - Photo Darlington
- Sziklai pair (Compound transistor, complementary Darlington)
Field effect transistor (FET)
- Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) - N-CHANNEL or P-CHANNEL
- Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET) - N-CHANNEL or P-CHANNEL
- MEtal Semiconductor FET (MESFET)
- High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT)
थाइरिस्टर
- UniJunction Transistor (UJT)
- Programmable UniJunction Transistor (PUT)
- एससीआर (SCR)
- Static Induction Transistor/Thyristor (SIT, SITh)
- TRIode for Alternating Current (TRIAC)
Composite transistors
- Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)--

एकीकृत परिपथ

Digital
Analog
- Hall effect sensor - Senses a magnetic field
- धारा संसूचक (Current sensor) - Senses a current through it

संकर परिपथ (Hybrid Circuits)

प्रकाश इलेक्ट्रॉनिकी (Optoelectronics)
- Opto-Isolator, Opto-Coupler, Photo-Coupler - Photodiode, BJT, JFET, SCR, TRIAC, Zero-crossing TRIAC, Open collector IC, CMOS IC, Solid State Relay (SSR)
- Opto Switch, Opto Interrupter, Optical Switch, Optical Interrupter, Photo switch, Photo Interrupter
- LED Display - Seven-segment display, Sixteen-segment display, Dot matrix display

प्रदर्शक अवयव (Display technologies)

अद्यतन

Filament lamp (indicator lamp)
Vacuum fluorescent display (VFD) (preformed characters, 7 segment, starburst)
Cathode ray tube (CRT) (dot matrix scan (eg computer monitor), radial scan (eg radar), arbitrary scan (eg oscilloscope)) (monochrome & colour)
एलसीडी (LCD) (preformed characters, dot matrix) (passive, TFT) (monochrome, colour)
नियान (individual, 7 segment display)
प्रकाश उत्सर्जक डायोड (LED) (individual, 7 segment display, starburst display, dot matrix)
Flap indicator (numeric, preprinted messages)
Plasma display (dot matrix)

पुरानी (Obsolete):

Filament lamp 7 segment display (aka 'minitron')
Nixie Tube
Dekatron (aka glow transfer tube)
Magic eye indicator
Penetron (a 2 colour see-through CRT)

वाल्व आदि (Thermionic Valve, Vacuum Tube)

Active devices that operate in vacuum

डायोड
ट्रायोड
टेट्रोड
पेन्टोड
Hexode
Pentagrid
Octode
Barretter
Nuvistor
Compactron

माइक्रोवेव (Microwave)

क्लाइस्ट्रॉन (Klystron)
मैग्नेट्रॉन (Magnetron)

प्रकाशीय (Optical)

फोटोडायोड (Photodiode)
कैथोड किरण नलिका (Cathode ray tube / (CRT))
Vacuum fluorescent display (VFD)
फोटोमल्टिप्लायर नलिका
एक्स-रे नलिका

डिस्चार्ज युक्तियाँ (Discharge devices)

Gas discharge tube

Obsolete:

Mercury arc rectifier
Voltage regulator tube
Nixie tube
Thyratron
Ignitron

असेम्बली आदि (Assemblies, modules)

Multiple electronic components assembled in a device that is in itself used as a component

Oscillator
Display devices
- Liquid crystal display (LCD)
Filter
Antennas
- Elemental dipole
- Biconical
- Yagi
- Phased array
- Magnetic dipole (loop)
- Parabolic dish
- Feedhorn, Waveguide

प्रोटोटाइप के लिये सहायक अवयव (Prototyping aids)

Wire-wrap
Breadboard

यांत्रिक सहयुक्तियाँ (Mechanical accessories)

अन्तर्धारी (Enclosure)
हीट सिंक
हीट सिंक पेस्ट और पैड
पंखा

अन्य

पीसीबी (Printed circuit board)
Lamp
Memristor

अप्रयुक्त (Obsolete):

Carbon amplifier (see Carbon microphones used as amplifiers)
Carbon arc (negative resistance device)
Dynamo (historic rf generator)

मानक संक्षेपण (Standard abbreviations)

उद्योगजगत में प्रयुक्त एलेक्ट्रानिक अवयवों के नामों के संक्षिप्त रुप

AE: aerial, antenna
B: battery
BR: bridge rectifier
C: capacitor
CRT:cathode ray tube
D or CR: diode
DSP:digital signal processor
F: fuse
FET:field effect transistor
GDT: gas discharge tube
IC: integrated circuit
J: wire link ("jumper")
JFET: junction gate field-effect transistor
L: inductor
LCD:Liquid crystal display
LDR: light dependent resistor
LED: light emitting diode
LS: speaker
M: motor
MCB: Miniature circuit breaker
Mic: microphone
MOSFET:Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor
Ne: neon lamp
OP: Operational Amplifier
PCB: printed circuit board
PU: pickup
Q: transistor
R: resistor
RLA: RY: relay
SCR: silicon controlled rectifier
SW: switch
T: transformer
TFT:thin film transistor(display)
TH: thermistor
TP: test point
Tr: transistor
U: integrated circuit
V: valve (tube)
VC: variable capacitor
VFD: vacuum fluorescent display
VLSI:very large scale integration
VR: variable resistor
X: crystal, ceramic resonator
XMER: transformer
XTAL: crystal
Z or ZD: Zener diode

सन्दर्भ

इन्हें भी देखें

एलेक्ट्रॉनिक प्रतीक (Electronic symbols)
वैद्युत परिपथ
परिपथ आरेख (Circuit diagram)
वैद्युत अवयव (Electrical element)
4000 श्रेणी के एकीकृत परिपथों की सूची

बाहरी कड़ियाँ

Thermocouple(तापयुग्म)

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