जिन प्रक्रियाओं में किसी चीज के निर्माण के लिये रासायनिक या यांत्रिक चरणों (steps) की आवश्यकता होती हैं उन्हें औद्योगिक प्रक्रम (Industrial processes) कहते हैं। बड़े-बड़े उद्योगों में औद्योगिक प्रक्रम मुख्य भूमिका निभाते हैं।
यह सम्पूर्ण पृष्ठ या इसके कुछ अनुभाग हिन्दी के अतिरिक्त अन्य भाषा(ओं) में भी लिखे गए हैं। आप इनका अनुवाद करके विकिपीडिया की सहायता कर सकते हैं।
Most processes make the production of an otherwise rare material vastly cheaper in price, thus changing it into a commodity; i.e. the process makes it economically feasible for society to use the material on a large scales, in machinery, or a substantial amount of raw materials, in comparison to batch or craft processes. Production of a specific material may involve more than one type of process. Most industrial processes result in both a desired product(s) and by-products, many of which are toxic, hazardous, or hard to deal with. Very, very few processes are self-contained.
These may be applied on their own, or as part of a larger process.
Liquefaction of gases - for ease of transportation
Supercritical drying, Freeze drying - removal of excess liquid
Scrubber - removing of pollution from exhaust gases
Smelting - chemically enhancing metals
Disinfection - chemical treatment to kill bacteria and viruses
Pyroprocessing - using heat to chemically combine materials, such as in cement.
Flash smelting - a refinement on smelting, for sulfur-containing ores (produces copper, nickel and lead)
The availability of electricity and its effect on materials gave rise to several processes for plating or separating metals.
Gilding, Electroplating, Anodization, Electrowinning - depositing a material on an electrode
Electropolishing - the reverse of electroplating
Electrofocusing - similar to electroplating, but separating molecules
Electrolytic process - the generic process of using electrolysis
Electrophoretic deposition - electrolytic deposition of colloidal particles in a liquid medium
Electrotyping - using electroplating to produce printing plates
Metallizing, Plating, Spin coating - the generic term for giving non-metals a metallic coating
There are several physical processes for reshaping a material by cutting, folding, joining or polishing, developed on a large scale from workshop techniques.
ये भी देखें: Fabrication (metal)
Forging - the shaping of metal by use of heat and hammer
Casting - shaping of a liquid material by pouring it into moulds and letting it solidify
Machining - the mechanical cutting and shaping of metal
Progressive stamping - the production of components from a strip or roll
Hydroforming - a tube of metal is expanded into a mould under pressure
Sandblasting - cleaning of a surface using sand or other particles
Soldering, Brazing, Welding - a process for joining metals
Tumble polishing - for polishing
Precipitation hardening - heat treatment used to strengthen malleable materials
Work hardening - adding strength to metals, alloys, etc.
Case hardening, Differential hardening, Shot peening - creating a wear resistant surface
Die cutting - A "forme" or "die" is pressed onto a flat material to cut, score, punch and otherwise shape the material.
मोल्डिंग (Moulding)
The physical shaping of materials by forming their liquid form using a mould.
Casting, Sand casting - the shaping of molten metal or plastics using a mould
Sintering, Powder metallurgy - the making of objects from metal or ceramic powder
Blow moulding as in plastic containers or in the Glass Container Industry - making hollow objects by blowing them into a mould.
Compression molding
विलगन (Separation)
Many materials exist in an impure form, purification, or separation provides a usable product.
Comminution - reduces the size of physical particles (it exists between crushing and grinding)
Froth flotation, flotation process - separating minerals through floatation
Solvent extraction - dissolving one substance in another
Frasch process - for extracting molten sulfur from the ground
Fractional distillation, Steam distillation, Vacuum distillation - separating materials by their boiling point
Batch distillation
Continuous distillation
Fractionating column
Spinning cone
Early production of iron was from meteorites, or as a by-product of copper refining. Heating iron ore and carbon in a crucible at 1000 K produces wrought iron. This process gained popularity during the Iron Age. Temperatures of 1300 K were produced around the 8th century by blowing air through the heated mixture in a bloomery or blast furnace (12th century); producing a strong but brittle cast iron. Furnaces were growing bigger, producing greater quantities; a factor contributing to the Industrial Revolution. In 1740 the temperature and carbon content could be controlled sufficiently to consistently produce steel; very strong and very workable. The 19th century saw the development of electric arc furnaces that produced steel in very large quantities, and are more easily controlled.
Smelting - the generic process used in furnaces to produce steel, copper, etc.
Catalan forge, Open hearth furnace, Bloomery, Siemens regenerative furnace - produced wrought iron
Blast furnace - produced cast iron
Direct Reduction - produced direct reduced iron
Crucible steel
Cementation process
Bessemer process
Basic oxygen steelmaking, Linz-Donawitz process
Electric arc furnace
The nature of an organic molecule means it can be transformed at the molecular level to create a range of products.
Cracking (chemistry) - the generic term for breaking up the larger molecules.
Alkylation - refining of crude oil
Burton process - cracking of hydrocarbons
Cumene process - making phenol and acetone from benzene
Friedel-Crafts reaction, Kolbe-Schmitt reaction
Olefin metathesis, Thermal depolymerization
Transesterification - organic chemicals
Raschig process, Ketazine process, Peroxide process - part of the process to produce nylon
Formox process - the oxidation of methanol to produce formaldehyde.
Alberger process, Grainer evaporation process - produces salt from brine
Bacterial oxidation - used to produce gold
Bayer process - the extraction of aluminium from ore
Chloralkali process, Weldon process - for producing chlorine and sodium hydroxide
Crystal bar process, Iodide process - produces zirconium
Dow process - produces bromine from brine
FFC Cambridge Process
Girdler sulfide process - for making heavy water
Hunter process, Kroll process - produces titanium and zirconium
Industrial rendering - the separation of fat from bone and protein
Lead chamber process, Contact process - production of sulfuric acid
Mond process - nickel
Nitrophosphate process - a number of similar process for producing fertilizer
Ostwald process - produces nitric acid
Pidgeon process - produces magnesium, reducing the oxide using silicon
Steam reforming, Water Gas Shift Reaction - produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide from methane or hydrogen and carbon dioxide from water and carbon monoxide