Yakin Mu'tah

Yakin Mu'tah (Larabci: مَعْرَكَة مُؤْتَة Maʿrakah Muʿtah, ko Larabci: غَزْوَة مُؤْتَة Ghazwah Muʿtah) yaƙi ne ko faɗa da aka yi a watan Satumba na 629 (1 Jumada al-Awwal 8 AH),^[1] kusa da ƙauyen Mu'tah, gabas na Kogin Urdun da Karak a cikin Karak Governorate, tsakanin sojojin Muhammad da sojojin daular Byzantine da mayaƙan Kiristocinsu na Larabawa.

Yakin Mu'tah

31°00′N 35°42′E
Iri	faɗa
Bangare na	army of Mohammad (en) da Arab–Byzantine Wars (en)
Kwanan watan	629 (Jumada al-awwal, 8 AH (en) )
Wuri	Mu'tah (en)
Participant (en)	Abdullah ɗan Rawahah Zayd ibn Harithah Ja'far ibn Abi Talib

A cikin tushen tarihin Islama, galibi ana kwatanta yaƙin a matsayin yunƙurin musulmai na ɗaukar fansa a kan wani sarkin Ghassanid saboda ya kashe ran mai aike. A cewar majiyoyin Byzantine, Musulman sun shirya kaddamar da harin a ranar biki. The Byzantine Vicarius na yankin ya koyi tsare -tsarensu kuma ya tattara garuruwan garuruwa. Ganin adadi mai yawa na sojojin abokan gaba, Musulmai sun ja da baya zuwa kudanci inda aka fara fadan a ƙauyen Mu'tah kuma an fatattake su ko kuma sun yi ritaya ba tare da ɗaukar fansa kan sarkin Ghassanid ba.^[1][2][3] A cewar majiyoyin Musulmai, bayan an kashe shugabanninsu uku, an ba Khalid ibn al-Walid umurnin kuma ya yi nasarar ceton sauran sojojin.^[3]

Bayan shekaru uku Musulmai za su dawo don fatattakar sojojin Rumawa a Yaƙin Usama bin Zayd.

Bayan Fage

Rumawa sun sake mamaye yankuna bayan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin Sarki Heraclius da Sasanid janar Shahrbaraz a watan Yulin 629.^[4] The Byzantine sakellarios Theodore,^[5] an sanya shi a matsayin kwamandan runduna, kuma yayin da a yankin Balqa, kabilun Larabawa suma suna aiki.^[4]

A halin da ake ciki, Muhammad ya aike da wakilinsa ga sarkin Bosra.^[6] Yayin da yake kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Bosra, an kashe shi a ƙauyen Mu'utah da umurnin wani jami'in Ghassanid Shurahbil ibn Amr.^[6]

Tattara sojojin

Muhammad ya aika da rundunarsa 3,000 a cikin watan Jumada al-Awwal 7 (AH), 629 (AZ), don gaggawar kai farmaki da azabtar da kabilun saboda kisan Ghassanids na wakilinsa.^[6] Zaid bn Harithah ne ya jagoranci rundunar; na biyu shi ne Ja’afar bn Abi Talib na uku kuma shi ne Abd Allah ibn Rawahah. Lokacin da sojojin Musulmai suka isa yankin da ke gabashin Urdun kuma suka sami labarin girman sojojin Rumawa, sun so su jira su aika da kayan taimako daga Madina. Abdullahi bn Rawahah ya tunatar da su sha’awarsu ta shahada tare da tambayar matakin jira lokacin da abin da suke so ke jiransu, don haka suka ci gaba da tafiya zuwa rundunar da ke jira.

Yaki

Musulmai sun shiga da Rumawa a sansaninsu ta ƙauyen Musharif sannan suka ja da baya zuwa Mu'tah. A nan ne rundunonin biyu suka fafata. Wasu majiyoyin Musulmai sun ba da rahoton cewa an yi yaƙin ne a cikin kwari tsakanin tsaunuka biyu, wanda ya ɓata fifikon adadi na Rumawa. A lokacin yaƙin, dukkan shugabannin musulmai uku sun faɗi ɗaya bayan ɗaya yayin da suke ɗaukar umurnin rundunar: na farko, Zayd, sannan Ja'afar, sannan Abdullah. Bayan rasuwar marigayin, wasu daga cikin sojojin musulmi sun fara cin karensu babu babbaka. Thabit ibn Aqram, ganin halin matsanancin halin da sojojin musulmi suke ciki, ya dauki tutar ya tara abokansa ta haka ya kubutar da sojojin daga halaka gaba daya. Bayan yaƙin, ibn Aqram ya ɗauki tutar, kafin ya nemi Khalid ibn al-Walid ya jagoranci.^[7]

Asarar Musulmai

An rubuta adadin wadanda aka kashe daga bangaren Musulmi a matsayin hudu daga Muhajireen yayin da takwas kuma daga Ansar. Sunayensu sune:

1. Zayd ibn Harithah
2. Ja'far ibn Abi Talib
3. Abd Allah ibn Rawahah
4. Masoud bin Al-Aswad
5. Wahb ibn Sa'd
6. Abbad bin Qais
7. Amr ibn Saad (ba dan Sa’ad bn Abi Waqqas ba)
8. Harith bin Nu'man
9. Saraqah bin Amr
10. Abu Kulaib bin Amr
11. Jabir ibn 'Amr
12. Amer bin Saad

Daniel C. Peterson, Farfesa na Nazarin Addinin Musulunci a Jami'ar Brigham Young, ya gano raunin asarar rayuka a tsakanin shuwagabannin da ake tuhuma idan aka kwatanta da asarar da sojoji talakawa ke yi. ^[8]David Powers, Farfesa na Nazarin Gabas ta Gabas a Cornell, ya kuma ambaci wannan son sani game da raunin da aka samu wanda masana tarihin Musulmi suka rubuta.^[9]

Bayan

An ba da rahoton cewa lokacin da rundunar musulmin ta isa Madina, an yi musu azaba saboda janyewa kuma an zarge su da guduwa.^[10] An ruwaito Salamah bn Hisham, dan uwan ​​Amr bn Hishām (Abu Jahl) ya yi sallah a gida maimakon zuwa masallaci don gudun kada yayi bayanin kansa. Muhammad ya umarce su da su daina, yana mai cewa za su dawo su sake yakar Rumawa.^[10] Ba zai kasance ba har sai ƙarni na uku bayan Hijira Tarihin Musulman Sunnah zai bayyana cewa Muhammadu ya ba Khalid lakabin 'Saifullah' ma'ana 'Takobin Allah'.^[9]

A yau, Musulman da suka fadi a yaƙin ana ɗaukar su shahidai (shuhadāʾ). Daga baya an gina wani kabari a Mu'tah akan kaburburansu.^[2]

Tarihi

A cewar al-Waqidi da Ibn Ishaq, an sanar da Musulmai cewa sojojin abokan gaba 100,000 ko 200,000^[2] sun yi sansani a Balqa'i.^[11] Sakamakon haka, masana tarihi na zamani sun karyata wannan yana mai cewa adadi ya wuce kima.^[12][13][2] A cewar Walter Emil Kaegi, farfesa na tarihin Byzantine a Jami'ar Chicago, girman dukan sojojin Byzantine a ƙarni na 7 na iya kaiwa 100,000, wataƙila ma rabin wannan adadin.^[14] Yayin da sojojin Rumawa a Mu'tah ke da wuya su kai sama da 10,000.^[15]

Labarun musulmai game da yaƙin sun bambanta kan sakamakon. A cewar David S. Powers, tushen Musulmi na farko kamar al-Waqidi sun rubuta yaƙin a matsayin cin kaskanci mai wulaƙanci (hazīma).^[9] Koyaya, Montgomery Watt ya lura cewa al-Waqidi ya kuma rubuta asusun inda sojojin Rumawa suka gudu.^[9] Ƙarfi yana ba da shawarar cewa daga baya masana tarihi na musulinci sun sake yin aiki da kayan farko don yin daidai da ra'ayin Islama game da shirin Allah.^[9] Majiyoyin da suka biyo baya sun gabatar da yakin a matsayin nasarar Musulmi ganin cewa mafi yawan sojojin musulmi sun dawo lafiya.^[9]

Manazarta

1. Kaegi 1992, p. 72.
2. Kaegi 1992, p. 67.
3. Buhl 1993, p. 756-757.
4. Kaegi 1992, p. 72-73.
5. Kaegi 1992, p. 35.
6. El Hareir & M'Baye 2011, p. 142.
7. Jafar al-Tayyar, Al-Islam.org
8. Peterson 2007, p. 142.
9. Powers 2009, p. 80.
10. Powers 2009, p. 81.
11. Haykal 1976, p. 419.
12. Haldon 2010, p. 188.
13. Peters 1994, p. 231.
14. Kaegi 2010, p. 99.
15. Kaegi 1992, p. 79.

Gallery

• 
  Abubuwan tarihi na tarihi sun wanzu kusa da wurin da aka yi Yaƙin Mu'tah.

Majiyoyi

• Donner, Fred M. (1981). The Early Islamic Conquests. Princeton University Press.
• El Hareir, Idris; M'Baye, El Hadji Ravane (2011). The Different Aspects of Islam Culture: Volume 3, The Spread of Islam throughout the World. UNESCO publishing.
• Buhl, F. (1993). "Muʾta". In H. A. R. Gibb (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. 7 (Second ed.). BRILL. p. 756. ISBN 9789004094192.
• Haldon, John (2010). Money, Power and Politics in Early Islamic Syria. Ashgate Publishing.
• Haykal, Muhammad (1976). The Life of Muhammad. Islamic Book Trust.
• Kaegi, Walter E. (1992). Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521411721.
• Kaegi, Walter E. (2010). Muslim Expansion and Byzantine Collapse in North Africa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19677-2.
• Peters, Francis E. (1994). Muhammad and the Origins of Islam. State University of New York Press.
• Peterson, Daniel C. (2007). Muhammad, Prophet of God. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.
• Powers, David S. (2009). Muhammad Is Not the Father of Any of Your Men: The Making of the Last Prophet. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9780812205572.
• Tucker, Spencer, ed. (2010). A Global Chronology of Conflict. Vol. I. ABC-CLIO.