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'yankin na motsi, haƙƙin motsi, ko haƙƙin tafiya ra'ayi ne na haƙƙin ɗan adam wanda ya haɗa da haƙƙin mutane su yi tafiya daga wuri zuwa wuri a cikin ƙasar, [1] da kuma barin ƙasar kuma su koma gare ta. Hakkin ya haɗa da ba kawai ziyartar wurare ba, amma canza wurin da mutum yake zaune ko aiki.[1][2]
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fundamental rights (en) ![]() | |
Bayanai | |
Ƙaramin ɓangare na | Hakkokin Yan-adam |
Bangare na | Hakkokin Yan-adam |
Hannun riga da |
captivity (en) ![]() |
Ana ba da irin wannan haƙƙin a cikin kundin tsarin mulki na jihohin da yawa, da kuma a cikin takardu da ke nuna ka'idojin dokar kasa da kasa. Misali, Mataki na 13 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights ya tabbatar da cewa:
n b Wasu mutane da kungiyoyi suna ba da shawarar fadada 'yancin motsi don haɗawa da' yancin motsi - ko ƙaura - tsakanin ƙasashe da kuma cikin ƙasashe.[4][5] An ƙuntata 'yancin motsi ta hanyoyi daban-daban ta gwamnatoci daban-daban kuma yana iya bambanta a cikin yankin ƙasa ɗaya.[1] Irin waɗannan ƙuntatawa galibi sun dogara ne akan lafiyar jama'a, tsari, ko hujjojin aminci kuma suna nuna cewa haƙƙin waɗannan sharuɗɗa ya fi ƙarfin ra'ayin 'yancin motsi.[6]
Ƙuntatawa na iya haɗawa da waɗannan:
A wasu yankuna, tambayoyi sun taso game da yadda mai mallakar ƙasa mai zaman kansa zai iya ware wasu mutane daga ƙasar da ake amfani da ita don dalilai na jama'a, kamar kantin sayar da kayayyaki ko wurin shakatawa. Har ila yau, akwai dokar doka cewa mai mallakar da dukiyarsa ba ta da damar jama'a za a iya ba da izini don ƙetare ƙasar masu zaman kansu idan ya cancanta don isa ga dukiyarsa. Sabanin haka, dokokin damuwa na jama'a sun hana amfani da titunan jama'a da aka tsara don zirga-zirgar jama'a daga amfani da su don jam'iyyun toshewa da kuma buga wasan kwando.
Iyaye ko wasu masu kula da shari'a yawanci suna iya ƙuntata ƙungiyoyin ƙananan yara a ƙarƙashin kulawarsu, da kuma wasu manya waɗanda aka ɗauka ba su da ikon sarrafa ƙungiyarsu. Ma'aikata na iya saita wasu ƙuntatawa bisa doka akan motsi na ma'aikata, da kuma dakatar da aiki idan an karya waɗannan ƙuntatawa.
Gwamnatoci na iya ƙuntata 'yancin motsi na mutanen da aka yanke musu hukunci kan laifuka, mafi mahimmanci a cikin yanayin ɗaurin kurkuku. Hakanan ana iya sanya ƙuntatawa ga masu aikata laifuka da aka yanke musu hukunci waɗanda ke kan gwaji ko kuma an sake su a kan parole. Mutanen da aka tuhume su da laifuka kuma an sake su a kan beli na iya hana su tafiya. Hakanan ana iya hana mai shaida damar yin tafiya.
Kodayake ana ba da izinin tafiya zuwa da dawowa daga ƙasashe gabaɗaya (tare da wasu ƙuntatawa), yawancin gwamnatoci suna ƙuntata tsawon lokacin da baƙi na wucin gadi zasu iya zama a cikin ƙasar. Wannan na iya dogara da ƙasar zama ɗan ƙasa da ƙasar da aka yi tafiya zuwa tsakanin sauran dalilai. A wasu lokuta (kamar na 'yan gudun hijira waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin rauni na jiki nan da nan yayin da suka dawo ƙasarsu ko waɗanda ke neman mafaka), ana iya ba da izinin zama mara iyaka a kan dalilai na jin kai, amma a mafi yawan lokuta, zama gabaɗaya yana da iyaka. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun banbanci ga wannan shine motsi na 'yanci na mutane a cikin Tarayyar Turai, inda' yan ƙasa na kowace ƙasa a cikin Tarayya da EFTA gabaɗaya suna jin daɗin zama mara iyaka a wasu ƙasashen EU / EFTA.
Bugu da ƙari, an sanya ƙuntatawa kan haƙƙin sake komawa ko zama a wasu yankuna na ƙasa a ƙasashe da yawa, mafi mahimmanci China.[7]
A cikin jayayya game da Kula da yara, kotun na iya sanya ƙuntatawa kan motsi na ƙaramin yaro, don haka ta ƙuntata ikon iyayen wannan yaro suyi tafiya tare da ɗansu.
The Visa Restrictions Index ranks countries based on the number of other countries its citizens are free to enter without visa. Most countries in the world require visas or some other form of entrance permit for non-citizens to enter their territory.[8] Those who enter countries in defiance of regulations requiring such documentation are often subject to imprisonment or deportation.[5]
Yawancin ƙasashe suna buƙatar 'yan ƙasarsu su bar ƙasar a kan fasfo mai inganci, takardar tafiye-tafiye da ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa ta bayar ko, a wasu lokuta, takardar shaida. Yanayin bayarwa da ikon gwamnatoci na hana bayar da fasfo sun bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa.
A wasu yanayi, kasashe na iya bayar da takardun tafiye-tafiye (kamar laissez-passer) ga baƙi, wato, ga mutane ban da 'yan ƙasarsu.
Samun fasfo da aka bayar ba ya tabbatar da haƙƙin fita daga ƙasar. Ana iya hana mutum fita daga ƙasa a kan dalilai da yawa, kamar kasancewa a karkashin bincike a matsayin wanda ake zargi, yin hukunci mai laifi, kasancewa mai bashi a cikin kuskure, ko kuma haifar da barazana ga tsaron ƙasa.[9] Wannan ya shafi baƙi.
A wasu ƙasashe haramta barin na iya ɗaukar nau'in soke fasfo da aka bayar a baya. Misali, Amurka na iya soke fasfo a son rai.[10]
Wasu ƙasashe, kamar tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, sun ci gaba da buƙatar cewa 'yan ƙasarsu, kuma wani lokacin matafiya na ƙasashen waje, su sami biza ta fita don a ba su izinin barin ƙasar.
A halin yanzu, wasu ƙasashe suna buƙatar 'yan kasashen waje su sami takardar izini mai inganci idan sun bar ƙasar idan suna buƙatar ɗaya don shiga. Misali, mutumin da ya wuce biza a Jamhuriyar Czech na iya buƙatar samun biza ta fita. A Rasha, rashin jin daɗi ya ci gaba kamar yadda dokar da ke wurin ba ta amince da izinin zama a matsayin takaddun shaida; don haka, 'yan kasashen waje da ke zaune a Rasha suna buƙatar samun takaddun "fitarwa" don yin tafiya zuwa kasashen waje. Wannan, musamman, yana shafar ɗaliban ƙasashen waje, waɗanda biza ta shigarwa ta asali ta ƙare lokacin da suka dawo gida.
Ana buƙatar 'yan ƙasa na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin waɗanda ke zaune a yankin su nemi izinin fita da shigarwa don shiga yankuna na musamman na Hong Kong da Macau (kuma mazaunan SAR suna buƙatar izinin dawowa gida don ziyartar yankin). Tun daga shekara ta 2016, an bukaci mazauna yankin Xinjiang Uyghur da ke da ikon mallakar su ajiye fasfo tare da 'yan sanda. Kowane tafiya zuwa kasashen waje dole ne gwamnati ta amince da shi, wanda ya fi wuya ga membobin kabilun Uighur.
Saudi Arabia da Qatar suna buƙatar duk mazauna baƙi, amma ba 'yan ƙasa ba, don samun biza ta fita kafin su bar ƙasar.
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