مردسالاری

ماسکولیسم یا ماسکولینیسم (به انگلیسی: masculism, masculinism)^[1] یا مردسالاری، ممکن است به گونه‌های مختلف به ایدئولوژی‌ها و جنبش‌های سیاسی-اجتماعی اشاره کند که به دنبال حذف تبعیض جنسی علیه مردان، برابر کردن حقوق آنها با زنان،^[2]^[1] و افزایش تبعیت یا ارتقای ویژگی‌هایی است که به‌عنوان نمونه مردان و پسران در نظر گرفته می‌شوند.^[3]^[4]^[5] این اصطلاحات ممکن است به جنبش حقوق مردان یا جنبش مردان^{[persian-alpha 1]} و همچنین نوعی آنتی‌فمینیسم اشاره کند.^[8]

برای نظام مردسالار از پدرسالاری استفاده می‌شود.

زمینه‌های مورد علاقه

آموزش و استخدام

بسیاری از ماسکولیست‌ها لغو تحصیلات تکمیلی را پیشنهاد می‌کنند و معتقدند که مدارس تک‌جنسیتی را برای رفاه پسران ترجیح داده می‌شوند.^[9] دیگر ماسکولیست‌ها و قسمتی از طرفداران حقوق زنان می‌گویند که در تفاوت آموزشی که وجود دارد پسرها در وجه ضعیف‌تر آن هستند.^[10] طبق اطلاعاتی که سال ۱۹۹۴ در ایالات متحده گزارش دادند، مردان ۹۴ درصد از تلفات در محیط کار را تشکیل می‌دهند.^[11]

واکنش‌ها

انتقادات و پاسخ‌ها

برخی منتقدان و فمینیست‌ها عقیده دارند که ماسکولیسم متمرکز بر برتری مردان (شوونیسم مردانه) یا مرد محوری (اندروسنتریسم)^[12] برای محرومیت زنان است.^[13] برخی ماسکولیست‌ها معتقدند که نقش‌های جنسیتی متمایز طبیعی هستند و تفاوت‌های دو جنس با توجه تقسیم درست نقش‌های اجتماعی می‌تواند در برخی از اجتماعات بهتر از سیستم آموزش دو جنس تأثیر گذار باشد. بخشی از جنبش ماسکولیسم مفاهیم خود را تا حدودی از روان‌شناسی فرگشتی وام گرفته‌اند: طبق این نظریه، سازش پیش از تاریخ موجب ایجاد نقش‌های مکمل اما متفاوتی برای جنس‌های متفاوت شده‌است و این تعادل از دههٔ ۱۹۶۰ از سوی فمینیسم برهم خورده‌است.^[9]

فمینیسم

برخی ماسکولیست‌ها از سوی فعالان فمینیست به‌صراحت ضد فمینیسم توصیف شده‌اند. طبق مقالهٔ بله و دوپویی-دری، «محتوای تارنماهای [ماسکولیست] و شهادت فمینیست‌های مورد سؤال قرار گرفته، تأیید می‌کند که ماسکولیست‌ها به‌طور کلی منتقد فمینیست‌ها و حتی فمینیست‌های میانه‌رویی هستند که در رأس سازمان‌های رسمی فمینیستی قرار دارند.^[10]

فرل کریستنسن فیلسوف عنوان می‌کند که اگر ماسکولیسم و فمینیسم بر این باور باشند که مردان/زنان به‌طور نظام‌مند مورد تبعیض قائل می‌شوند و این تبعیض باید برچیده شود، لزوماً تعارضی میان فمینیسم و ماسکولیسم وجود ندارد و حتی برخی مدعی‌اند که عضو هر دوی آن‌ها هستند. اما بسیاری عقیده دارند که یک جنس بیش از دیگری مورد تبعیض قرار می‌گیرد، بنابراین نام یکی از این دو را بر خود می‌گذارند و دیگری را رد می‌کنند.^[14]

جستارهای وابسته

منابع

[1]
[2]
Cathy Young (July 1994). "Man Troubles: Making Sense of the Men's Movement". Reason. Masculism (mas'kye liz*'em), n. 1. the belief that equality between the sexes requires the recognition and redress of prejudice and discrimination against men as well as women. 2. the movement organized around this belief.
[3]
Bunnin, Nicholas; Yu, Jiyuan (2004). The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing. p. 411. ISBN 1-4051-0679-4.
[4]
Christensen, Ferrell (2005). "Masculism". In Honderich, Ted (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 562–563. ISBN 0-19-926479-1. LCCN 94-36914.
[5]
Cathy Young (July 1994). "Man Troubles: Making Sense of the Men's Movement". Reason. Masculism (mas'kye liz*'em), n. 1. the belief that equality between the sexes requires the recognition and redress of prejudice and discrimination against men as well as women. 2. the movement organized around this belief.
[6]
Blais & Dupuis-Déri 2012, pp. 22–23.
[7]
McElroy, Wendy (3 June 2003). "Gender Issues Impacted by Masculinists". Fox News. Archived from the original on 13 May 2019.
[8]
masculinism, n. Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. 2000.
[9]
Blais, Melissa; Dupuis-Déri, Francis (2012). "Masculinism and the antifeminist countermovement". Social Movement Studies: Journal of Social, Cultural and Political Protest. Taylor and Francis. 11 (1): 21–39. doi:10.1080/14742837.2012.640532.{{cite journal}}: نگهداری CS1: پست اسکریپت (link)
[10]
The War Against Boys
[11]
Man Troubles
[12]
. Responses:
- "masculinist, n". merriam-webster.com. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved July 18, 2011.
- Brittan, Arthur (1989). Masculinity and power. Oxford New York: Basil Blackwell. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-631-14167-9. Masculinism is the ideology that justifies and naturalizes male domination. As such it is the ideology of patriarchy. Masculinism takes it for granted that there is a fundamental difference between man and women, it assumes that heterosexuality is normal, it accepts without question the sexual division of labour, and it sanctions the political and dominant role of men in the public and private spheres.
- Kahl, David H. (2015). "Analyzing Masculinist Movements: Responding to Antifeminism through Critical Communication Pedagogy". Communication Teacher. 29 (1): 21–26. doi:10.1080/17404622.2014.985600.
- Ruth, Sheila (1990), "An introduction to women's studies", in Ruth, Sheila (ed.). Issues in feminism: an introduction to women's studies (2nd ed.). Mountain View, California: Mayfield. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-87484-937-0. Masculine-ism or masculism (sometimes called androcentrism) is the elevation of the masculine, conceptually and physically, to the level of the universal and ideal.
[13]
Bunnin, Nicholas; Yu, Jiyuan (2004), "Masculinism", in Bunnin, Nicholas; Yu, Jiyuan, eds. (2004). The Blackwell dictionary of Western philosophy. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell. p. 411. ISBN 978-0-470-99721-5.
[14]
Christensen, Ferrell (2005), "Masculism", in Honderich, Ted, ed. (2005). The Oxford companion to philosophy. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 562–563. ISBN 978-0-19-926479-7.
- Citing: Davidson, Nicholas (1988). The failure of feminism. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. p. 274. ISBN 978-0-87975-408-2.

[P 1]
Melissa Blais and Francis Dupuis-Déri (Social Movement Studies, 2012): "In English, they [masculinist and masculinism] generally designate either a way of thinking whose referent is the masculine or simply a patriarchal ideology (Watson, 1996), rather than a component of the antifeminist social movement. In English, 'men's movement' is the most common term, though some, like Warren Farrell, use 'masculist' or the more restrictive 'fathers' rights movement'."^[6]
Wendy McElroy (Fox News, ۳ ژوئن ۲۰۰۳): "Gender issues are being rocked by masculinism—sometimes called men's rights or the Men's Movement."^[7]

[Chandler_2016-1] [1]

[Young_19942-2] [2]
Cathy Young (July 1994). "Man Troubles: Making Sense of the Men's Movement". Reason. Masculism (mas'kye liz*'em), n. 1. the belief that equality between the sexes requires the recognition and redress of prejudice and discrimination against men as well as women. 2. the movement organized around this belief.

[Bunnin_2008-3] [3]
Bunnin, Nicholas; Yu, Jiyuan (2004). The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing. p. 411. ISBN 1-4051-0679-4.

[Christensen_2005-4] [4]
Christensen, Ferrell (2005). "Masculism". In Honderich, Ted (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 562–563. ISBN 0-19-926479-1. LCCN 94-36914.

[Young_1994-5] [5]
Cathy Young (July 1994). "Man Troubles: Making Sense of the Men's Movement". Reason. Masculism (mas'kye liz*'em), n. 1. the belief that equality between the sexes requires the recognition and redress of prejudice and discrimination against men as well as women. 2. the movement organized around this belief.

[FOOTNOTEBlaisDupuis-Déri201222–23-6] [6]
Blais & Dupuis-Déri 2012, pp. 22–23.

[McElroy_2003-7] [7]
McElroy, Wendy (3 June 2003). "Gender Issues Impacted by Masculinists". Fox News. Archived from the original on 13 May 2019.

[OED12-9] [8]
masculinism, n. Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. 2000.

[Blais,_Melissa_2012-10] [9]
Blais, Melissa; Dupuis-Déri, Francis (2012). "Masculinism and the antifeminist countermovement". Social Movement Studies: Journal of Social, Cultural and Political Protest. Taylor and Francis. 11 (1): 21–39. doi:10.1080/14742837.2012.640532.{{cite journal}}: نگهداری CS1: پست اسکریپت (link)

[:0-11] [10]
The War Against Boys

[12] [11]
Man Troubles

[13] [12]
. Responses:
"masculinist, n". merriam-webster.com. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved July 18, 2011.

Brittan, Arthur (1989). Masculinity and power. Oxford New York: Basil Blackwell. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-631-14167-9. Masculinism is the ideology that justifies and naturalizes male domination. As such it is the ideology of patriarchy. Masculinism takes it for granted that there is a fundamental difference between man and women, it assumes that heterosexuality is normal, it accepts without question the sexual division of labour, and it sanctions the political and dominant role of men in the public and private spheres.

Kahl, David H. (2015). "Analyzing Masculinist Movements: Responding to Antifeminism through Critical Communication Pedagogy". Communication Teacher. 29 (1): 21–26. doi:10.1080/17404622.2014.985600.

Ruth, Sheila (1990), "An introduction to women's studies", in Ruth, Sheila (ed.). Issues in feminism: an introduction to women's studies (2nd ed.). Mountain View, California: Mayfield. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-87484-937-0. Masculine-ism or masculism (sometimes called androcentrism) is the elevation of the masculine, conceptually and physically, to the level of the universal and ideal.

[13] "masculinist, n". merriam-webster.com. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved July 18, 2011.

[14] Brittan, Arthur (1989). Masculinity and power. Oxford New York: Basil Blackwell. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-631-14167-9. Masculinism is the ideology that justifies and naturalizes male domination. As such it is the ideology of patriarchy. Masculinism takes it for granted that there is a fundamental difference between man and women, it assumes that heterosexuality is normal, it accepts without question the sexual division of labour, and it sanctions the political and dominant role of men in the public and private spheres.

[15] Kahl, David H. (2015). "Analyzing Masculinist Movements: Responding to Antifeminism through Critical Communication Pedagogy". Communication Teacher. 29 (1): 21–26. doi:10.1080/17404622.2014.985600.

[16] Ruth, Sheila (1990), "An introduction to women's studies", in Ruth, Sheila (ed.). Issues in feminism: an introduction to women's studies (2nd ed.). Mountain View, California: Mayfield. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-87484-937-0. Masculine-ism or masculism (sometimes called androcentrism) is the elevation of the masculine, conceptually and physically, to the level of the universal and ideal.

[BunninYu20082-14] [13]
Bunnin, Nicholas; Yu, Jiyuan (2004), "Masculinism", in Bunnin, Nicholas; Yu, Jiyuan, eds. (2004). The Blackwell dictionary of Western philosophy. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell. p. 411. ISBN 978-0-470-99721-5.

[Davidson1988-15] [14]
Christensen, Ferrell (2005), "Masculism", in Honderich, Ted, ed. (2005). The Oxford companion to philosophy. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 562–563. ISBN 978-0-19-926479-7.
Citing: Davidson, Nicholas (1988). The failure of feminism. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. p. 274. ISBN 978-0-87975-408-2.

[19] Citing: Davidson, Nicholas (1988). The failure of feminism. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. p. 274. ISBN 978-0-87975-408-2.

[8] [P 1]
Melissa Blais and Francis Dupuis-Déri (Social Movement Studies, 2012): "In English, they [masculinist and masculinism] generally designate either a way of thinking whose referent is the masculine or simply a patriarchal ideology (Watson, 1996), rather than a component of the antifeminist social movement. In English, 'men's movement' is the most common term, though some, like Warren Farrell, use 'masculist' or the more restrictive 'fathers' rights movement'."^[6]
Wendy McElroy (Fox News, ۳ ژوئن ۲۰۰۳): "Gender issues are being rocked by masculinism—sometimes called men's rights or the Men's Movement."^[7]

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