آمریکایی‌های ایرلندی‌تبار

آمریکایی‌های ایرلندی‌تبار (ایرلندی: Gael-Mheiriceánaigh) گروهی نژادی از آمریکایی‌هایی هستند که بخشی یا همهٔ نیاکان آنها ایرلندی می‌باشند. در بررسی جامعه آمریکایی دفتر سرشماری ایالات متحده در سال ۲۰۱۷ نزدیک به ۳۳ میلیون آمریکایی — ۱۰٫۱٪ از کل جمعیت — خود را ایرلندی‌تبار، می‌دانستند^[1] که در مقایسه با جمعیت ۶٫۶ میلیون نفری در جزیره ایرلند شمار بیشتری است. بر خلاف ایرلند، در سرشماری‌ها از دهه ۱۹۷۰ بیشتر آمریکایی‌ها خود را از نیاکان ایرلندی می‌دانند و همچنین پروتستان هستند،^[2]^[3] و در واقع اکثراً اسکاتلندی-ایرلندی هستند^[4]^[5] و می‌بایست نوادگان آمریکایی پروتستان‌های اولستر (عمدتاً اولستر اسکاتلندی) باشند که از ایرلند به ایالات متحده مهاجرت کردند.^[6]^[7]

تاریخ اجتماعی در ایالات متحده

شهرها

اکثریت قریب به اتفاق آمریکایی‌های کاتولیک ایرلندی در شهرهای بزرگ و کوچک در شمال، به ویژه مراکز راه‌آهن و شهرهای صنعتی ساکن شدند. آنها شاید شهرنشین‌ترین گروه در آمریکا شدند، زیرا تعداد کمی از آنها کشاورز شدند.^[8] مناطقی که دارای جمعیت قابل توجه آمریکایی ایرلندی هستند شامل کلان‌شهرهای بوستون، نیویورک سیتی، فیلادلفیا، پروویدنس، هارتفورد، پیتسبورگ، بوفالو، آلبانی، سیراکیوس، بالتیمور، سنت لوئیس، شیکاگو، کلیولند، سان فرانسیسکو، ساوانا و لس آنجلس است؛ جایی که اکثر تازه‌واردان دوره ۱۸۳۰-۱۹۱۰ در آنجا مستقر شدند. با احتساب درصدها، ماساچوست به عنوان ایرلندی‌ترین ایالت شناخته می‌شود و حدود یک پنجم، ۲۱٫۲ درصد از جمعیت آن ادعای تبار ایرلندی دارند.^[9]

ایرلندی‌ترین شهرهای آمریکا در ایالات متحده سیتویت، ماساچوست است که ۴۷٫۵ درصد از ساکنان آن ایرلندی‌تبار هستند. میلتون، ماساچوست، با ۴۴٫۶ درصد از ۲۶٬۰۰۰ نفر آن ایرلندی‌تبار هستند. و برینتری، ماساچوست، با ۴۶٫۵٪ از ۳۴٬۰۰۰ نفر آن ایرلندی‌تبار هستند. (ویموث، ماساچوست، با ٪۳۹ از ۵۴٬۰۰۰ نفر از شهروندان خود، و کوینزی، ماساچوست، با ٪۳۴ از جمعیت ۹۰٬۰۰۰ نفری، دوتا از ایرلندی‌ترین شهرهای کشور هستند. اسکوانتوم، شبه‌جزیره‌ای در قسمت شمالی کوینزی، بیشتر محله‌های ایرلندی در کشور، نزدیک به ۶۰ درصد از ۲٬۶۰۰ جمعیت ساکن آن ادعا می‌کنند ایرلندی‌تبار هستند.)^[10]

فیلادلفیا، بوستون، نیویورک و شیکاگو از لحاظ تاریخی دارای محله‌هایی بوده‌اند که درصد بیشتری از ساکنان ایرلندی آمریکایی در آن زندگی می‌کرده‌اند. بر اساس نظرسنجی اداره آمار آمریكا در سال ۲۰۱۳، ایرلندی‌ترین ایالت‌های آمریکا ماساچوست، نیوهمپشایر، مین، ورمونت، رود آیلند، دلاویر، پنسیلوانیا و کنتیکت هستند.^[11] به دلیل سابقه منحصر به فرد آن به عنوان یک مرکز معدن، بوت، مونتانا، همچنین یکی از کامل‌ترین شهرهای ایرلندی آمریکایی این کشور است.^[12] شهرهای کوچک‌تر، مانند گریلی، نبراسکا (۴۶۶ نفر جمعیت)، با برآورد ۵۱٫۷ درصد از ساکنین که از سال ۲۰۰۹-۱۳^[13]^[14] به عنوان آمریکایی ایرلندی شناخته شده بودند، بخشی از مستعمره کاتولیک ایرلندی با تلاش اسقف اوکانر نیویورک در دهه ۱۸۸۰ بودند.^[15]

منابع

[1]
"B04006 – PEOPLE REPORTING SINGLE ANCESTRY 2013-2017 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved June 3, 2019.
[2]
Carroll, Michael P. (2006). "How the Irish Became Protestant in America". Religion and American Culture. University of California Press. 16 (1): 25. doi:10.1525/rac.2006.16.1.25. During the 1970s and 1980s, when studies of "white ethnics" were very much in vogue, several different national surveys quite in- dependently turned up a surprising finding: most Americans who thought of themselves as "Irish" were Protestant, not Catholic. Donald Akenson's review of these surveys, for example, suggests that anywhere from 51 to 59 percent of respondents (depending on the survey) who identified themselves as Irish were Protestant, with about a third being Catholic and the rest being non-Christian or professing no religion. This pattern has not changed. Table 1 presents data from successive installments of the General Social Survey (GSS) conducted over the period 1990–2000. Of the 1,495 respondents who identified themselves as "Irish," 51 percent were Protestant and 36 percent were Catholic (see last column in Table 1).
[3]
"St. Patrick's Day Graph: Irish in America are Protestant, not Catholic". Religion News Service. March 17, 2014. Retrieved June 2, 2019.
[4]
Dolan, Jay P. (2008). The Irish Americans: A History. Bloomsbury Press. p. x. ISBN 978-1-59691-419-3. The term [Scotch-Irish] had been in use during the eighteenth century to designate Ulster Presbyterians who had emigrated to the United States. From the mid-1700s through the early 1800s, however, the term Irish was more widely used to identify both Catholic and Protestant Irish... as political and religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants both in Ireland and the United States became more frequent, and as Catholic emigrants began to outnumber Protestants, the term Irish became synonymous with Irish Catholics. As a result, Scotch-Irish became the customary term to describe Protestants of Irish descent... The famine migration of the 1840s and '50s that sent waves of poor Irish Catholics to the United States together with the rise in anti-Catholicism intensified this attitude. In no way did Irish Protestants want to be identified with these ragged newcomers.
[5]
Webb, Jim (2004). Born Fighting: How the Scots-Irish Shaped America. Broadway Books. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-7679-1689-9. ...there is a tendency in many academic and literary quarters to lump the Scots-Irish in with the Irish themselves. More than 40 million Americans claim Irish descent, exclusive of those Scots-Irish who have self-identified themselves on census reports under other categories such as Scottish or 'native American.' Interestingly, more than half of these are of Scots-Irish ancestry.
[6]
Blethen, H. Tyler; Wood, Curtis W. (1998). From Ulster to Carolina: The Migration of the Scotch-Irish to Southwestern North Carolina. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Division of Archives and History. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-86526-279-9. ...250,000 people left for America between 1717 and 1800...20,000 were Anglo-Irish, 20,000 were Gaelic Irish, and the remainder Ulster-Scots...
[7]
Webb, Jim (2004). Born Fighting: How the Scots-Irish Shaped America. New York: Broadway Books. p. Front flap. ISBN 978-0-7679-1689-9. Between 250,000 to 400,000 Scots-Irish migrated to America in the eighteenth century...
[8]
Kenny (2000) p. 105–6
[9]
United States Census Bureau (2009-01-05). "Irish-American Heritage Month (March) and St. Patrick's Day (March 17): 2009". Facts for Features & Special Editions. US Census Bureau Press Releases. Archived from the original on 2 March 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
[10]
Muldoon, Molly (January 10, 2011). "The Most Irish Town in America is Named". IrishCentral.com. Archived from the original on May 23, 2013. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
[11]
"Selected Social Characteristics in the United States (DP02): 2013 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
[12]
Everett, George (2008). "Butte, Montana: Ireland's Fifth Province". ButteAmerica.com. Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
[13]
"Selected Social Characteristics in the United States (DP02): 2013 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates: Greeley Center village, Nebraska". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
[14]
Brooks, Jim (September 16, 2010). "Greeley Nebraska Hosts 4th Irish Festival". TheIrishGazette.com. Retrieved October 22, 2012.^{^{[پیوند مرده]}}
[15]
Moloney, Deirdre M. American Catholic Lay Groups and Transatlantic Social Reform in the Progressive Era. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 2002. (pg. 86) شابک ‎۰−۸۰۷۸−۴۹۸۶−۳

[ACS_2013–17_5Y_Estimate-1] [1]
"B04006 – PEOPLE REPORTING SINGLE ANCESTRY 2013-2017 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved June 3, 2019.

[Carroll_2006_p._25-2] [2]
Carroll, Michael P. (2006). "How the Irish Became Protestant in America". Religion and American Culture. University of California Press. 16 (1): 25. doi:10.1525/rac.2006.16.1.25. During the 1970s and 1980s, when studies of "white ethnics" were very much in vogue, several different national surveys quite in- dependently turned up a surprising finding: most Americans who thought of themselves as "Irish" were Protestant, not Catholic. Donald Akenson's review of these surveys, for example, suggests that anywhere from 51 to 59 percent of respondents (depending on the survey) who identified themselves as Irish were Protestant, with about a third being Catholic and the rest being non-Christian or professing no religion. This pattern has not changed. Table 1 presents data from successive installments of the General Social Survey (GSS) conducted over the period 1990–2000. Of the 1,495 respondents who identified themselves as "Irish," 51 percent were Protestant and 36 percent were Catholic (see last column in Table 1).

[RNS_3-17-2014-3] [3]
"St. Patrick's Day Graph: Irish in America are Protestant, not Catholic". Religion News Service. March 17, 2014. Retrieved June 2, 2019.

[Dolan_2008_p._x-4] [4]
Dolan, Jay P. (2008). The Irish Americans: A History. Bloomsbury Press. p. x. ISBN 978-1-59691-419-3. The term [Scotch-Irish] had been in use during the eighteenth century to designate Ulster Presbyterians who had emigrated to the United States. From the mid-1700s through the early 1800s, however, the term Irish was more widely used to identify both Catholic and Protestant Irish... as political and religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants both in Ireland and the United States became more frequent, and as Catholic emigrants began to outnumber Protestants, the term Irish became synonymous with Irish Catholics. As a result, Scotch-Irish became the customary term to describe Protestants of Irish descent... The famine migration of the 1840s and '50s that sent waves of poor Irish Catholics to the United States together with the rise in anti-Catholicism intensified this attitude. In no way did Irish Protestants want to be identified with these ragged newcomers.

[Webb_p._15-5] [5]
Webb, Jim (2004). Born Fighting: How the Scots-Irish Shaped America. Broadway Books. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-7679-1689-9. ...there is a tendency in many academic and literary quarters to lump the Scots-Irish in with the Irish themselves. More than 40 million Americans claim Irish descent, exclusive of those Scots-Irish who have self-identified themselves on census reports under other categories such as Scottish or 'native American.' Interestingly, more than half of these are of Scots-Irish ancestry.

[Blethen_&_Wood_p._22-6] [6]
Blethen, H. Tyler; Wood, Curtis W. (1998). From Ulster to Carolina: The Migration of the Scotch-Irish to Southwestern North Carolina. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Division of Archives and History. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-86526-279-9. ...250,000 people left for America between 1717 and 1800...20,000 were Anglo-Irish, 20,000 were Gaelic Irish, and the remainder Ulster-Scots...

[7] [7]
Webb, Jim (2004). Born Fighting: How the Scots-Irish Shaped America. New York: Broadway Books. p. Front flap. ISBN 978-0-7679-1689-9. Between 250,000 to 400,000 Scots-Irish migrated to America in the eighteenth century...

[8] [8]
Kenny (2000) p. 105–6

[9] [9]
United States Census Bureau (2009-01-05). "Irish-American Heritage Month (March) and St. Patrick's Day (March 17): 2009". Facts for Features & Special Editions. US Census Bureau Press Releases. Archived from the original on 2 March 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2009.

[10] [10]
Muldoon, Molly (January 10, 2011). "The Most Irish Town in America is Named". IrishCentral.com. Archived from the original on May 23, 2013. Retrieved October 22, 2012.

[2013_ACS-11] [11]
"Selected Social Characteristics in the United States (DP02): 2013 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2014.

[12] [12]
Everett, George (2008). "Butte, Montana: Ireland's Fifth Province". ButteAmerica.com. Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved October 22, 2012.

[13] [13]
"Selected Social Characteristics in the United States (DP02): 2013 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates: Greeley Center village, Nebraska". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2014.

[14] [14]
Brooks, Jim (September 16, 2010). "Greeley Nebraska Hosts 4th Irish Festival". TheIrishGazette.com. Retrieved October 22, 2012.^{^{[پیوند مرده]}}

[15] [15]
Moloney, Deirdre M. American Catholic Lay Groups and Transatlantic Social Reform in the Progressive Era. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 2002. (pg. 86) شابک ‎۰−۸۰۷۸−۴۹۸۶−۳

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