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Füüsikakonstant

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Füüsikakonstant
FüüsikakonstanteVaata kaViited

Füüsikakonstant ehk universaalkonstant on füüsikalisi objekte iseloomustav jääv suurus, s.t looduse teatud omadusi kirjeldav arv, millel on igal pool ja igal ajal üks ja seesama väärtus. Füüsikakonstandid kuuluvad seostavate teguritena põhilisi füüsikaseadusi väljendavatesse valemitesse.

Tuntakse sõltumatuid konstante, nt valguse kiirus vaakumis, gravitatsioonikonstant, Plancki konstant, ja neist sõltuvaid füüsikakonstante; nt aatomifüüsika oluline konstant Bohri raadius avaldub elektrilise konstandi, Plancki konstandi, elementaarlaengu ja elektroni massi kaudu.

Füüsikakonstantide väärtused ja dimensioonid olenevad mõõtühikute süsteemist. Nn loomulikes süsteemides loetakse mõningad füüsikakonstandid dimensioonita suurusteks ja võrdseks ühega.[1]

Tabeliandmed pärinevad allikast: CODATA Internationally recommended 2018 values of the Fundamental Physical Constants.

Sulgudes olevad numbrid näitavad viimaste numbrikohtade määramatust (nt väärtus 6,674 30(15) tähendab sama mis 6,674 30 ± 0,000 15).

Nendel konstantidel, mis on aluseks Si põhiühikute defineerimisel, on antud täpne väärtus (ilma piirhälveteta); see väärtus on valitud niisugune, mis kehtestamise ajal vastas kõige paremini mõõtmistulemustele.

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Konstant Tähis(ed Väärtus (SI ühikutes)
Elektromagnetism
Valguse kiirus vaakumis c 0 ≡ c {\displaystyle c_{\text{0}}\equiv c} {\displaystyle c_{\text{0}}\equiv c} 299 792 458 m s {\displaystyle 299\,792\,458\;\mathrm {\frac {m}{s}} } {\displaystyle 299\,792\,458\;\mathrm {\frac {m}{s}} }
Magnetiline konstant μ 0 {\displaystyle \mu _{\text{0}}} {\displaystyle \mu _{\text{0}}} 1 , 256 637 062 12 ( 19 ) × 10 − 6 N A 2 ≈ 4 π ⋅ 10 − 7 N A 2 {\displaystyle 1,256\,637\,062\,12(19)\times 10^{-6}{\frac {\mathrm {N} }{\mathrm {A} ^{2}}}\;\approx \;4\,\pi \cdot 10^{-7}{\frac {\mathrm {N} }{\mathrm {A} ^{2}}}} {\displaystyle 1,256\,637\,062\,12(19)\times 10^{-6}{\frac {\mathrm {N} }{\mathrm {A} ^{2}}}\;\approx \;4\,\pi \cdot 10^{-7}{\frac {\mathrm {N} }{\mathrm {A} ^{2}}}}
Elektriline konstant ε 0 = 1 μ 0 c 2 {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}={\frac {1}{\mu _{\text{0}}\,c^{2}}}} {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}={\frac {1}{\mu _{\text{0}}\,c^{2}}}} 8,854   187 8128 ( 13 ) ⋅ 10 − 12 F m ≈ 10 7 4 π ⋅ 299   792   458 2 A s V m {\displaystyle 8{,}854\ 187\,8128(13)\cdot 10^{-12}\,\mathrm {\frac {F}{m}} \approx {\frac {10^{7}}{4\,\pi \cdot 299\ 792\ 458^{2}}}\,\mathrm {\frac {A\,s}{V\,m}} } {\displaystyle 8{,}854\ 187\,8128(13)\cdot 10^{-12}\,\mathrm {\frac {F}{m}} \approx {\frac {10^{7}}{4\,\pi \cdot 299\ 792\ 458^{2}}}\,\mathrm {\frac {A\,s}{V\,m}} }
Elementaarlaeng e {\displaystyle e} {\displaystyle e} e = 1,602 176 634 ⋅ 10 − 19 C {\displaystyle e=1{,}602\,176\,634\cdot 10^{-19}\;\mathrm {C} } {\displaystyle e=1{,}602\,176\,634\cdot 10^{-19}\;\mathrm {C} } (täpne väärtus)
Gravitatsioon
Gravitatsioonikonstant G {\displaystyle G} {\displaystyle G}
6,674 30 ( 15 ) ⋅ 10 − 11 m 3 k g ⋅ s 2 {\displaystyle 6{,}674\,30(15)\cdot 10^{-11}\;\mathrm {\frac {m^{3}}{kg\cdot s^{2}}} } {\displaystyle 6{,}674\,30(15)\cdot 10^{-11}\;\mathrm {\frac {m^{3}}{kg\cdot s^{2}}} }
Termodünaamika
Absoluutne nullpunkt T 0 {\displaystyle T_{\text{0}}} {\displaystyle T_{\text{0}}} 0 K = − 273 , 15 ∘ C {\displaystyle 0\,\mathrm {K} ={-273{,}15\,}^{\circ }\mathrm {C} } {\displaystyle 0\,\mathrm {K} ={-273{,}15\,}^{\circ }\mathrm {C} }
Avogadro arv N A {\displaystyle N_{\text{A}}} {\displaystyle N_{\text{A}}}, L {\displaystyle L} {\displaystyle L} 6,022 140 76 ⋅ 10 23 1 m o l {\displaystyle 6{,}022\;140\;76\cdot 10^{23}\,{\frac {1}{\mathrm {mol} }}} {\displaystyle 6{,}022\;140\;76\cdot 10^{23}\,{\frac {1}{\mathrm {mol} }}} (täpne väärtus)
Boltzmanni konstant k B {\displaystyle k_{\text{B}}} {\displaystyle k_{\text{B}}} 1,380 649 ⋅ 10 − 23 J K {\displaystyle 1{,}380\,649\cdot 10^{-23}\;\mathrm {\frac {J}{K}} } {\displaystyle 1{,}380\,649\cdot 10^{-23}\;\mathrm {\frac {J}{K}} } (täpne väärtus)

Elektronvoltides kraadi kohta: 8,617   333262... ⋅ 10 − 5 e V K {\displaystyle 8{,}617\ 333262...\cdot 10^{-5}\,\mathrm {\frac {eV}{K}} } {\displaystyle 8{,}617\ 333262...\cdot 10^{-5}\,\mathrm {\frac {eV}{K}} }

Stefani-Boltzmanni konstant σ = 2 π 5 k B 4 15 h 3 c 2 {\displaystyle \sigma ={\frac {2\,\pi ^{5}\,k_{\text{B}}^{4}}{15\,h^{3}\,c^{2}}}} {\displaystyle \sigma ={\frac {2\,\pi ^{5}\,k_{\text{B}}^{4}}{15\,h^{3}\,c^{2}}}} 5,670 374 419... ⋅ 10 − 8 W m 2 K 4 {\displaystyle 5{,}670\,374\,419...\cdot 10^{-8}\;\mathrm {\frac {W}{m^{2}\,K^{4}}} } {\displaystyle 5{,}670\,374\,419...\cdot 10^{-8}\;\mathrm {\frac {W}{m^{2}\,K^{4}}} }
Universaalne gaasikonstant R 0 = N A k B {\displaystyle R_{\text{0}}=N_{\text{A}}\,k_{\text{B}}} {\displaystyle R_{\text{0}}=N_{\text{A}}\,k_{\text{B}}} 8,314 462 618... J K ⋅ m o l {\displaystyle 8{,}314\,462\,618...\;\mathrm {\frac {J}{K\cdot mol}} } {\displaystyle 8{,}314\,462\,618...\;\mathrm {\frac {J}{K\cdot mol}} }
Osakestefüüsika
Bohri raadius a 0 = 4 π ε 0 ℏ 2 e 2 m e {\displaystyle a_{\text{0}}={\frac {4\,\pi \,\varepsilon _{0}\,\hbar ^{2}}{e^{2}\,m_{\text{e}}}}} {\displaystyle a_{\text{0}}={\frac {4\,\pi \,\varepsilon _{0}\,\hbar ^{2}}{e^{2}\,m_{\text{e}}}}} 5,291 772 109 03 ( 80 ) ⋅ 10 − 11 m {\displaystyle 5{,}291\,772\,109\,03(80)\cdot 10^{-11}\;\mathrm {m} } {\displaystyle 5{,}291\,772\,109\,03(80)\cdot 10^{-11}\;\mathrm {m} }
Plancki konstant h {\displaystyle h} {\displaystyle h} 6,626   070   15 ⋅ 10 − 34 J s {\displaystyle 6{,}626\ 070\ 15\cdot 10^{-34}\,\mathrm {J\,s} } {\displaystyle 6{,}626\ 070\ 15\cdot 10^{-34}\,\mathrm {J\,s} } (täpne väärtus)

Elektronvoltides: 4,135   667   662   ( 25 ) ⋅ 10 − 15 e V s {\displaystyle 4{,}135\ 667\ 662\ (25)\cdot 10^{-15}\;\mathrm {eV\,s} } {\displaystyle 4{,}135\ 667\ 662\ (25)\cdot 10^{-15}\;\mathrm {eV\,s} }

Elektroni mass m e {\displaystyle m_{e}} {\displaystyle m_{e}} 9,109 383 7015 ( 28 ) ⋅ 10 − 31 k g {\displaystyle 9{,}109\,383\,7015(28)\cdot 10^{-31}\,\mathrm {kg} } {\displaystyle 9{,}109\,383\,7015(28)\cdot 10^{-31}\,\mathrm {kg} }
Elektroni klassikaline raadius r e = 1 4 π ε 0 e 2 m e c 2 = a 0 a 2 {\displaystyle r_{\text{e}}={\frac {1}{4\,\pi \,\varepsilon _{0}}}\,{\frac {e^{2}}{m_{\text{e}}\,c^{2}}}=a_{0}a^{2}} {\displaystyle r_{\text{e}}={\frac {1}{4\,\pi \,\varepsilon _{0}}}\,{\frac {e^{2}}{m_{\text{e}}\,c^{2}}}=a_{0}a^{2}} 2,817 940 3262   ( 13 ) ⋅ 10 − 15 m {\displaystyle 2{,}817\,940\,3262\ (13)\cdot 10^{-15}\;\mathrm {m} } {\displaystyle 2{,}817\,940\,3262\ (13)\cdot 10^{-15}\;\mathrm {m} }
Elektroni magnetmoment μ e {\displaystyle \mu _{\text{e}}} {\displaystyle \mu _{\text{e}}} − 9,284   764 7043 ( 28 ) ⋅ 10 − 24 J T {\displaystyle -9{,}284\ 764\,7043(28)\cdot 10^{-24}\;\mathrm {\frac {J}{T}} } {\displaystyle -9{,}284\ 764\,7043(28)\cdot 10^{-24}\;\mathrm {\frac {J}{T}} }
Neutroni mass m n {\displaystyle m_{\text{n}}} {\displaystyle m_{\text{n}}} 1,674 927 498 04 ( 95 ) ⋅ 10 − 27 k g {\displaystyle 1{,}674\,927\,498\,04(95)\cdot 10^{-27}\,\mathrm {kg} } {\displaystyle 1{,}674\,927\,498\,04(95)\cdot 10^{-27}\,\mathrm {kg} } = 1,008   664   915   88 ( 49 ) u {\displaystyle =1{,}008\ 664\ 915\ 88(49)\;\mathrm {u} } {\displaystyle =1{,}008\ 664\ 915\ 88(49)\;\mathrm {u} }
Neutroni magnetmoment μ n {\displaystyle \mu _{\text{n}}} {\displaystyle \mu _{\text{n}}} − 9,662   , 3651 ( 23 )   10 − 27 J T {\displaystyle -9{,}662\ ,3651(23)\ 10^{-27}\;\mathrm {\frac {J}{T}} } {\displaystyle -9{,}662\ ,3651(23)\ 10^{-27}\;\mathrm {\frac {J}{T}} }
Prootoni mass m p {\displaystyle m_{\text{p}}} {\displaystyle m_{\text{p}}} 1,672 621   , 923 69 ⋅ 10 − 27 k g {\displaystyle 1{,}672\,621\ ,923\,69\cdot 10^{-27}\,\mathrm {kg} } {\displaystyle 1{,}672\,621\ ,923\,69\cdot 10^{-27}\,\mathrm {kg} } = 1,007   276   466   889   ( 91 ) u {\displaystyle =1{,}007\ 276\ 466\ 889\ (91)\;\mathrm {u} } {\displaystyle =1{,}007\ 276\ 466\ 889\ (91)\;\mathrm {u} }
Prootoni magnetmoment μ p {\displaystyle \mu _{\text{p}}} {\displaystyle \mu _{\text{p}}} 1,410   606   797 36 ( 60 ) c d o t 10 − 26 J T {\displaystyle 1{,}410\ 606\ 797\,36(60)cdot10^{-26}\;\mathrm {\frac {J}{T}} } {\displaystyle 1{,}410\ 606\ 797\,36(60)cdot10^{-26}\;\mathrm {\frac {J}{T}} }
Muud
Faraday konstant F = e N A {\displaystyle F={\frac {e}{N_{\text{A}}}}} {\displaystyle F={\frac {e}{N_{\text{A}}}}} 96   485,332   , 12... C m o l {\displaystyle 96\ 485{,}332\ ,12...\;\mathrm {\frac {C}{mol}} } {\displaystyle 96\ 485{,}332\ ,12...\;\mathrm {\frac {C}{mol}} }
Aatommassiühik m u ≡ amu ≡ u = 1 g N A {\displaystyle m_{\text{u}}\equiv {\text{amu}}\equiv u={\frac {1\,\mathrm {g} }{N_{\text{A}}}}} {\displaystyle m_{\text{u}}\equiv {\text{amu}}\equiv u={\frac {1\,\mathrm {g} }{N_{\text{A}}}}} 1,660 539 066 60 ( 50 ) ⋅ 10 − 27 k g {\displaystyle 1{,}660\,539\,066\,60(50)\cdot 10^{-27}\;\mathrm {kg} } {\displaystyle 1{,}660\,539\,066\,60(50)\cdot 10^{-27}\;\mathrm {kg} }
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  • Matemaatiline konstant
  • Füüsikaline suurus
  • Rydbergi konstant
  • Peenstruktuuri konstant
  1. [1]
    ENE 3. köide, 1988
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