Alžeeria sõda

Alžeeria sõda ; ثورة التحرير الجزائرية ; Tagrawla Tadzayrit ; Guerre d'Algérie
	Osa külmast sõjast ja Aafrika dekolonisatsioonist
Toimumisaeg	1. november 1954 – 19. märts 1962 ; (7 aastat, 4 kuud, 2 nädalat ja 4 päeva)
Toimumiskoht	Prantsuse Alžeeria
Tulemus	Alžeeria iseseisvumine Sõjaline ummikseis; FLN-i poliitiline võit; Éviani lepingud; Prantsuse koloniaalimpeeriumi lõpp; Prantsuse neljanda vabariigi kokkukukkumine; Rajatakse Prantsuse viies vabariik;
Osalised
Jõudude suurus
Kaotused
	Kaotused kokku: ; 350 000 – 1 500 000 hukkunut ; 1 000 000 põgenenud eurooplast ; 200 000 põgenenud juuti ; 2 000 000 kodust ilma jäänud alžeerlast

Alžeeria sõda (ka Alžeeria revolutsioon või Alžeeria vabadussõda, Alžeerias vahel 1. novembri sõda) oli aastatel 1954–1962 Prantsusmaa ja Alžeeria Rahvusliku Vabastusrinde (prantsuse keeles Front de Libération Nationale, FLN) vahel toimunud sõda, mis lõppes Alžeeria iseseisvumisega Prantsusmaast. Tegu oli märgilise dekolonisatsioonisõjaga, mida iseloomustasid partisanivõitlus ja piinamised. Konflikt kasvas kogukondadesiseseks ja -vaheliseks kodusõjaks. Sõjategevus toimus peamiselt Prantsuse Alžeeria territooriumil, Prantsusmaa emamaale jõudsid vaid selle kaudsed tagajärjed.

Mitte segi ajada Alžeeria kodusõjaga.

Quick Facts Alžeeria sõda ثورة التحرير الجزائرية Tagrawla Tadzayrit Guerre d'Algérie, Toimumisaeg ...

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Sõja algatasid Rahvusliku Vabastusrinde liikmed 1. novembril 1954 toussaint rouge'iga (punane pühakutepäev), mis tõi Prantsusmaal kaasa sügava poliitkriisi, neljanda vabariigi (1946–1958) lagunemise ning mõjukama presidendi institutsiooniga viienda vabariigi alguse. Prantsuse vägede julmus Alžeerias tegi need seal ebapopulaarseks ning vähendas toetust ema- ja välismaal.^[22]^[23] Sõja kulgedes pöördus Prantsusmaa avalikkus aeglaselt selle vastu ning mitmed Prantsusmaa liitlased, näiteks Ameerika Ühendriigid, hakkasid Prantsusmaa toetamise asemel ÜRO-s end hääletamisest kõrvale jätma.^[24]^[25] Pärast suuri iseseisvusmeelseid meeleavaldusi Alžiiris ja teistes Alžeeria linnades ning ÜRO resolutsiooni, milles rõhutati õigust iseseisvusele, otsustas president Charles de Gaulle FLN-iga läbi rääkima hakata.^[26]^[27]^[28] Märtsis 1962 allkirjastati Éviani lepingud. Aprillis 1962 toimus Prantsusmaal Éviani lepingute referendum ning rahvas kiitis nende ratifitseerimise 91%-se toetusega heaks.^[29] Sama aasta 1. juulil korraldati Alžeerias iseseisvusreferendum, milles 99,72% alžeerlastest hääletas iseseisvuse poolt.^[30]

Prantslaste lahkumine tõi kaasa riigikriisi. De Gaulle'ile tehti mitmeid atentaate ning Alžeerias üritati korduvalt sõjaväelise riigipöördega võimu haarata. Enamiku rünnakute taga oli Prantsusmaa sõjaväelaste põrandaalune organisatsioon Organisation Armée Secrète (OAS), mille liikmed korraldasid nii Prantsusmaal kui Alžeerias iseseisvumise ärahoidmiseks pommirünnakuid ja mõrvu.

Pärast iseseisvumist põgenes Alžeeriast Prantsusmaale 900 000 Alžeeria eurooplast (nn pied-noir'i), kes kartsid FLN-i kättemaksu. Immigratsioonilaine oli Prantsusmaa valitsusele ootamatu. Selle tulemusel riik destabiliseerus. Enamik prantslaste heaks töötanud alžeerlastest jäeti maha ning neilt võeti relvad, kuna Alžeeria võimudega sõlmitud lepingu järgi ei tohtinud uus võim neid taga kiusata. Sellest hoolimata koheldi Prantsuse vägedes abilistena töötanud harkisid reeturitena ning neid piinasid ja röövisid nii FLN-i liikmed kui tsiviilisikud.^[16]^[31] Umbkaudu 90 000-l harkidest õnnestus Prantsusmaale põgeneda, tihti aitasid neid käske eiranud Prantsuse armee ohvitserid. Nende järeltulijad moodustavad tänapäeval märkimisväärse osa Prantsusmaa alžeerlastest.^[32]

Prantsuse Alžeeria kuberneride loend
1961. aasta Alžeeria putš
Armée de l'Airi ajalugu kolooniates
Ahmed Ben Bella
Frantz Fanon
Adolfo Kaminsky
Alžeeria rahvuslus
Prantsusmaa ja massihävitusrelvad
1961. aasta Pariisi veresaun
1962. aasta Orani veresaun
121 manifest
Piinamine Alžeeria vabadussõjas
Alžeeria ajalugu (1962–1999)
Iseseisvuspäev (Alžeeria)
Prantsuse Alžeeria
Éviani lepingud

[1]
Windrow, Martin; Chappell, Mike (1997). The Algerian War 1954–62. Osprey Publishing. Lk 11. ISBN 9781855326583.
[2]
Introduction to Comparative Politics, by Mark Kesselman, Joel Krieger, William Joseph, page 108
[3]
Alexander Cooley, Hendrik Spruyt. Contracting States: Sovereign Transfers in International Relations. Page 63.
[4]
George Bernard Noble. Christian A. Herter: The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy. Page 155.
[5]
Robert J. C. Young (12. oktoober 2016). Postcolonialism: An Historical Introduction. Wiley. Lk 300. ISBN 978-1-118-89685-3. the French lost their Algerian empire in military and political defeat by the FLN, just as they lost their empire in China in defeat by Giap and Ho Chi Minh.
[6]
R. Aldrich (10. detsember 2004). Vestiges of Colonial Empire in France. Palgrave Macmillan UK. Lk 156. ISBN 978-0-230-00552-5. For the [French] nation as a whole, commemoration of the Franco-Algerian War is complicated since it ended in defeat (politically, if not strictly militarily) rather than victory.
[7]
Alec G. Hargreaves (2005). Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism. Lexington Books. Lk 1. ISBN 978-0-7391-0821-5. The death knell of the French empire was sounded by the bitterly fought Algerian war of independence, which ended in 1962.
[8]
"The French defeat in the war effectively signaled the end of the French Empire". Jo McCormack (2010). Collective Memory: France and the Algerian War (1954–1962).
[9]
Paul Allatson; Jo McCormack (2008). Exile Cultures, Misplaced Identities. Rodopi. Lk 117. ISBN 978-90-420-2406-9. The Algerian War came to an end in 1962, and with it closed some 130 years of French colonial presence in Algeria (and North Africa). With this outcome, the French Empire, celebrated in pomp in Paris in the Exposition coloniale of 1931 ... received its decisive death blow.
[10]
Yves Beigbeder (2006). Judging War Crimes And Torture: French Justice And International Criminal Tribunals And Commissions (1940–2005). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Lk 35. ISBN 978-90-04-15329-5. The independence of Algeria in 1962, after a long and bitter war, marked the end of the French Empire.
[11]
France's Colonial Legacies: Memory, Identity and Narrative. University of Wales Press. 15. oktoober 2013. Lk 111. ISBN 978-1-78316-585-8. The difficult relationship which France has with the period of history dominated by the Algerian war has been well documented. The reluctance, which ended only in 1999, to acknowledge 'les évenements' as a war, the shame over the fate of the harki detachments, the amnesty covering many of the deeds committed during the war and the humiliation of a colonial defeat which marked the end of the French empire are just some of the reasons why France has preferred to look towards a Eurocentric future, rather than confront the painful aspects of its colonial past.
[12]
"Algérie : Une guerre d'appelés". Le Figaro. 19. märts 2012.
[13]
Travis, Hannibal (2013). Genocide, Ethnonationalism, and the United Nations: Exploring the Causes of Mass Killing Since 1945. Routledge. Lk 137.
[14]
Martin S. Alexander; Martin Evans; J. F. V. Keiger (2002). "The 'War without a Name', the French Army and the Algerians: Recovering Experiences, Images and Testimonies". Algerian War and the French Army, 1954-62: Experiences, Images, Testimonies (PDF). Palgrave Macmillan. Lk 6. ISBN 978-0333774564. The Algerian Ministry of War Veterans gives the figure of 152,863 FLN killed.
[15]
Katherine Draper (2013). "Why a War Without a Name May Need One: Policy-Based Application of International Humanitarian Law in the Algerian War" (PDF). Texas International Law Journal. 48 (3): 576. Originaali (PDF) arhiivikoopia seisuga 7. november 2016. The Algerian Ministry of War Veterans calculates 152,863 Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) deaths (French sources), and although the death toll among Algerian civilians may never be accurately known estimate of 1,500,000 to 2,000,000 were killed.
[16]
Horne, Alistair (1978). A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962. Lk 358. ISBN 9781590172186.
[17]
Stapleton, T.J. (2013). A Military History of Africa. ABC-CLIO. Lk 1–272. ISBN 9780313395703. Vaadatud 13. jaanuar 2017.
[18]
Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict: Po – Z, index. 3, Academic Press, 1999 (ISBN 9780122270109, lire en ligne [archive]), p. 86.
[19]
Crandall, R., America's Dirty Wars: Irregular Warfare from 1776 to the War on Terror, Cambridge University Press, 2014 (ISBN 9781139915823, lire en ligne [archive]), p. 184.
[20]
Cutts, M.; Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2000). The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action. Oxford University Press. Lk 38. ISBN 9780199241040. Vaadatud 13. jaanuar 2017. Referring to Evans, Martin. 2012. Algeria: France's Undeclared War. New York: Oxford University Press.
[21]
Hobson, Faure L. (2009). "The Migration of Jews from Algeria to France: An Opportunity for French Jews to Recover Their Independence in the Face of American Judaism in Postwar France?". Archives Juives. 42 (2): 67–81. DOI:10.3917/aj.422.0067.
[22]
Keith Brannum. "The Victory Without Laurels: The French Military Tragedy in Algeria (1954–1962)" (PDF). University of North Carolina Asheville. Originaali (PDF) arhiivikoopia seisuga 26. oktoober 2014.
[23]
Irwin M. Wall (20. juuli 2001). France, the United States, and the Algerian War. Lk 68–69. ISBN 9780520925687.
[24]
Benjamin Stora (2004). Algeria, 1830-2000: A Short History. Cornell University Press. Lk 87. ISBN 0-8014-8916-4.
[25]
Mathilde Von Bulow (22. august 2016). West Germany, Cold War Europe and the Algerian War. Cambridge University Press. Lk 170. ISBN 978-1-107-08859-7.
[26]
Stora, Benjamin (2004). Algeria, 1830-2000: A Short History. ISBN 978-0801489167.
[27]
Pervillé, G. (2012). Les accords d'Evian (1962): Succès ou échec de la réconciliation franco-algérienne (1954–2012). Armand Colin. ISBN 9782200281977. Vaadatud 13. jaanuar 2017.
[28]
"Document officiel des Nations Unies". un.org. Vaadatud 13. jaanuar 2017.
[29]
"référendum 1962 Algérie". france-politique.fr. Vaadatud 13. jaanuar 2017.
[30]
"Proclamation des résultats du référendum d'autodétermination du 1er juillet 1962" (PDF). Journal Officiel de l'État Algérien. 6. juuli 1962. Vaadatud 8. aprill 2009.
[31]
Vt http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/05/qa-happened-algeria-harkis-150531082955192.html and Pierre Daum's "The Last Taboo: Harkis Who Stayed in Algeria After 1962". November 2017
[32]
Ghosh, Palash (2. aprill 2012). "France-Algeria: 50 Years After Independence, What Happened To The Harkis?". International Business Times.

Bradby, David. "Images of the Algerian war on the French stage 1988-1992." French Cultural Studies 5.14 (1994): 179-189.
Clayton, Anthony. The wars of French decolonization (1994).
Dine, Philip. Images of the Algerian War: French fiction and film, 1954-1992 (Oxford UP, 1994).
Galula, David (1963). Pacification in Algeria: 1956–1958. OCLC 227297246. Primary source
Horne, Alistair. A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962 (1978) In-depth narrative.
LeJeune, John. "Revolutionary Terror and Nation-Building: Frantz Fanon and the Algerian Revolution." Journal for the Study of Radicalism 13.2 (2019): 1-44. online
McDougall, James (2017). "The Impossible Republic: The Reconquest of Algeria and the Decolonization of France, 1945–1962". The Journal of Modern History. 89 (4): 772–811. DOI:10.1086/694427. S2CID 148602270.
McDougall, James (2006). History and the Culture of Nationalism in Algeria. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84373-1.
Shepard, Todd (2006). The Invention of Decolonization: The Algerian War and the Remaking of France. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-4360-1.
Charles R. Shrader, "The First Helicopter War: Logistics and Mobility in Algeria 1954-62," Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999.

[Windrow-1] [1]
Windrow, Martin; Chappell, Mike (1997). The Algerian War 1954–62. Osprey Publishing. Lk 11. ISBN 9781855326583.

[2] [2]
Introduction to Comparative Politics, by Mark Kesselman, Joel Krieger, William Joseph, page 108

[3] [3]
Alexander Cooley, Hendrik Spruyt. Contracting States: Sovereign Transfers in International Relations. Page 63.

[4] [4]
George Bernard Noble. Christian A. Herter: The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy. Page 155.

[Young2016-5] [5]
Robert J. C. Young (12. oktoober 2016). Postcolonialism: An Historical Introduction. Wiley. Lk 300. ISBN 978-1-118-89685-3. the French lost their Algerian empire in military and political defeat by the FLN, just as they lost their empire in China in defeat by Giap and Ho Chi Minh.

[Aldrich2004-6] [6]
R. Aldrich (10. detsember 2004). Vestiges of Colonial Empire in France. Palgrave Macmillan UK. Lk 156. ISBN 978-0-230-00552-5. For the [French] nation as a whole, commemoration of the Franco-Algerian War is complicated since it ended in defeat (politically, if not strictly militarily) rather than victory.

[Hargreaves2005-7] [7]
Alec G. Hargreaves (2005). Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism. Lexington Books. Lk 1. ISBN 978-0-7391-0821-5. The death knell of the French empire was sounded by the bitterly fought Algerian war of independence, which ended in 1962.

[8] [8]
"The French defeat in the war effectively signaled the end of the French Empire". Jo McCormack (2010). Collective Memory: France and the Algerian War (1954–1962).

[9] [9]
Paul Allatson; Jo McCormack (2008). Exile Cultures, Misplaced Identities. Rodopi. Lk 117. ISBN 978-90-420-2406-9. The Algerian War came to an end in 1962, and with it closed some 130 years of French colonial presence in Algeria (and North Africa). With this outcome, the French Empire, celebrated in pomp in Paris in the Exposition coloniale of 1931 ... received its decisive death blow.

[Beigbeder2006-10] [10]
Yves Beigbeder (2006). Judging War Crimes And Torture: French Justice And International Criminal Tribunals And Commissions (1940–2005). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Lk 35. ISBN 978-90-04-15329-5. The independence of Algeria in 1962, after a long and bitter war, marked the end of the French Empire.

[11] [11]
France's Colonial Legacies: Memory, Identity and Narrative. University of Wales Press. 15. oktoober 2013. Lk 111. ISBN 978-1-78316-585-8. The difficult relationship which France has with the period of history dominated by the Algerian war has been well documented. The reluctance, which ended only in 1999, to acknowledge 'les évenements' as a war, the shame over the fate of the harki detachments, the amnesty covering many of the deeds committed during the war and the humiliation of a colonial defeat which marked the end of the French empire are just some of the reasons why France has preferred to look towards a Eurocentric future, rather than confront the painful aspects of its colonial past.

[12] [12]
"Algérie : Une guerre d'appelés". Le Figaro. 19. märts 2012.

[13] [13]
Travis, Hannibal (2013). Genocide, Ethnonationalism, and the United Nations: Exploring the Causes of Mass Killing Since 1945. Routledge. Lk 137.

[14] [14]
Martin S. Alexander; Martin Evans; J. F. V. Keiger (2002). "The 'War without a Name', the French Army and the Algerians: Recovering Experiences, Images and Testimonies". Algerian War and the French Army, 1954-62: Experiences, Images, Testimonies (PDF). Palgrave Macmillan. Lk 6. ISBN 978-0333774564. The Algerian Ministry of War Veterans gives the figure of 152,863 FLN killed.

[15] [15]
Katherine Draper (2013). "Why a War Without a Name May Need One: Policy-Based Application of International Humanitarian Law in the Algerian War" (PDF). Texas International Law Journal. 48 (3): 576. Originaali (PDF) arhiivikoopia seisuga 7. november 2016. The Algerian Ministry of War Veterans calculates 152,863 Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) deaths (French sources), and although the death toll among Algerian civilians may never be accurately known estimate of 1,500,000 to 2,000,000 were killed.

[Horne-16] [16]
Horne, Alistair (1978). A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962. Lk 358. ISBN 9781590172186.

[google-17] [17]
Stapleton, T.J. (2013). A Military History of Africa. ABC-CLIO. Lk 1–272. ISBN 9780313395703. Vaadatud 13. jaanuar 2017.

[18] [18]
Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict: Po – Z, index. 3, Academic Press, 1999 (ISBN 9780122270109, lire en ligne [archive]), p. 86.

[19] [19]
Crandall, R., America's Dirty Wars: Irregular Warfare from 1776 to the War on Terror, Cambridge University Press, 2014 (ISBN 9781139915823, lire en ligne [archive]), p. 184.

[google4-20] [20]
Cutts, M.; Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2000). The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action. Oxford University Press. Lk 38. ISBN 9780199241040. Vaadatud 13. jaanuar 2017. Referring to Evans, Martin. 2012. Algeria: France's Undeclared War. New York: Oxford University Press.

[21] [21]
Hobson, Faure L. (2009). "The Migration of Jews from Algeria to France: An Opportunity for French Jews to Recover Their Independence in the Face of American Judaism in Postwar France?". Archives Juives. 42 (2): 67–81. DOI:10.3917/aj.422.0067.

[toto.lib.unca.edu-22] [22]
Keith Brannum. "The Victory Without Laurels: The French Military Tragedy in Algeria (1954–1962)" (PDF). University of North Carolina Asheville. Originaali (PDF) arhiivikoopia seisuga 26. oktoober 2014.

[books.google.fr-23] [23]
Irwin M. Wall (20. juuli 2001). France, the United States, and the Algerian War. Lk 68–69. ISBN 9780520925687.

[Stora2004-24] [24]
Benjamin Stora (2004). Algeria, 1830-2000: A Short History. Cornell University Press. Lk 87. ISBN 0-8014-8916-4.

[Bulow2016-25] [25]
Mathilde Von Bulow (22. august 2016). West Germany, Cold War Europe and the Algerian War. Cambridge University Press. Lk 170. ISBN 978-1-107-08859-7.

[26] [26]
Stora, Benjamin (2004). Algeria, 1830-2000: A Short History. ISBN 978-0801489167.

[google5-27] [27]
Pervillé, G. (2012). Les accords d'Evian (1962): Succès ou échec de la réconciliation franco-algérienne (1954–2012). Armand Colin. ISBN 9782200281977. Vaadatud 13. jaanuar 2017.

[un-28] [28]
"Document officiel des Nations Unies". un.org. Vaadatud 13. jaanuar 2017.

[france-politique-29] [29]
"référendum 1962 Algérie". france-politique.fr. Vaadatud 13. jaanuar 2017.

[30] [30]
"Proclamation des résultats du référendum d'autodétermination du 1er juillet 1962" (PDF). Journal Officiel de l'État Algérien. 6. juuli 1962. Vaadatud 8. aprill 2009.

[31] [31]
Vt http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/05/qa-happened-algeria-harkis-150531082955192.html and Pierre Daum's "The Last Taboo: Harkis Who Stayed in Algeria After 1962". November 2017

[32] [32]
Ghosh, Palash (2. aprill 2012). "France-Algeria: 50 Years After Independence, What Happened To The Harkis?". International Business Times.

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