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Misa Tridentina es el nombre común de la forma extraordinaria del Rito Romano de la Santa Misa contenido en las ediciones típicas del Misal Romano, el cual ha tenido sucesivas publicaciones desde 1570 hasta 1962 (inclusive). Las primeras páginas de todas las ediciones tienen el texto de la Bula Pontificia Quo Primum de S.S. San Pío V, que promulga la edición de 1570, la cual fue revisada por disposición del Concilio de Trento (1545-1563). El uso actual de la "Misa según el Misal de 1962" está absolutamente autorizado.[1] Otros nombres de la "Misa Tridentina" son Misa Tradicional, Misa en Latín y Misa Gregoriana. Sin embargo, también es conocida como Misa en Latín a la Misa de S.S. Pablo VI, la cual tiene su texto oficial en Latín, y algunas veces es celebrada en tal lengua.[2][3]
En Julio de 2007, El Papa Benedicto XVI promulgó el motu proprio llamado Summorum Pontificum en el cuál designó a la Misa Tridentina "como Forma Extraordinaria del Rito Romano", en oposición a la forma "ordinaria" o "normal", que corresponde a la Misa de S.S. Pablo VI, denominada usualmente como Misa Novus Ordo.[4] [5] Desde entonces, la Liturgia Tridentina ha sido generalmente mencionada "La forma extraordinaria" (o también, "el rito extraordinario").
El termino "Tridentino" es derivado del vocablo latino "Tridentinus", el cual hace relación a la ciudad de Trento, Italia". En ese lugar se llevó a cabo el famoso Council of Trent, desde el cual surge la necesidad de la unificación del rito romano, y en el cual[6] el Papa Pío V promulgó el Misal Romano de 1570, haciendo de éste obligatorio para toda la Iglesia Occidental, con excepción de las Ordenes Religiosas que tengan Misales editados con anterioridad al año 1370.[7]
Las Formas de la Liturgia de la Misa previas a 1570 se conocen como Misas Pre-tridentinas.
In most countries, the language used for celebrating the Tridentine Mass was (and is) Latin. However, in Dalmatia (corresponding approximately to present-day Croatia) the liturgy was celebrated in Church Slavonic, and authorisation for use of this language was extended to some other Slavic regions between 1886 and 1935.[8][9]
After the publication of the 1962 edition of the Roman Missal, the 1964 Instruction on implementing the Constitution on Sacred Liturgy of the Second Vatican Council laid down that "normally the epistle and gospel from the Mass of the day shall be read in the vernacular". Episcopal conferences were to decide, with the consent of the Holy See, what other parts, if any, of the Mass were to be celebrated in the vernacular.[10]
Outside the Roman Catholic Church, the vernacular language was introduced into the celebration of the Tridentine Mass by some Old Catholics and Anglo-Catholics with the introduction of the English Missal.
Some Western rite Orthodox Christians, particularly in the Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of North America, use the Tridentine Mass in the vernacular with minor alterations under the title of the "Divine Liturgy of St. Gregory."
Also, most Old Catholics say the Tridentine Mass in either the vernacular or Latin.
Some Catholics prefer not to use the term "Tridentine Mass". In some cases, the objection is that linking the rite specifically with the Council of Trent obscures its continuity with the form that developed in previous centuries. Others object that using separate terms for the pre-1970 and post-1970 liturgies (rather than classifying them both as forms of the same Roman Rite) implies that the post-1970 liturgy constituted a breach with the preceding form.
The most widespread term for the rite, other than "Tridentine Mass", is "Latin Mass". However, the Mass of Paul VI is also published in Latin in its official text, and is also sometimes celebrated in that language.[11]
Occasionally the term "Gregorian Rite" is used when talking about the Tridentine Mass,[12] as is, more frequently, "Tridentine Rite".[13] Pope Benedict XVI declared it inappropriate to speak of the versions of the Roman Missal of before and after 1970 as if they were two rites. Rather, he said, it is a matter of a twofold use of one and the same rite.[14]
Traditionalist Catholics, whose best-known characteristic is an attachment to the Tridentine Mass, frequently refer to it as the "Traditional Mass" or the "Traditional Latin Mass". Traditionalist writings sometimes also use more rhetorical expressions such as "Mass of All Time" and "Mass of Ages". Although Pius V himself spoke of revising the Missal,[15] Traditionalist Catholics also tend to emphasise that Pope Pius V "codified" the form of the Mass that they very frequently distinguish from the Mass of Paul VI, by calling it the "Mass of the Ages",[16][17][18][19][20][21] while a fringe view among them holds that the Tridentine Mass, again in contrast to the Mass of Paul VI, comes down to us "from the Church of the Apostles, and ultimately, indeed, from Him Who is its principal Priest and its spotless Victim"[22][23]
At the time of the Council of Trent, the traditions preserved in printed and manuscript missals varied considerably, and standardization was sought both within individual dioceses and throughout the Latin West. Standardization was also required in order to prevent the introduction into the liturgy of Protestant ideas in the wake of the Protestant Reformation.
Pope St. Pius V accordingly imposed uniformity by law in 1570 with the Papal Bull "Quo Primum", ordering use of the Roman Missal as revised by him.[15] He allowed only rites older than 200 years to survive the promulgation of his 1570 Missal. Several of the rites that remained in existence were progressively abandoned, though the Ambrosian rite survives in Milan, Italy and neighbouring areas, stretching even into Switzerland, and the Mozarabic rite remains in use to a limited extent in Toledo and Madrid, Spain. The Carmelite, Carthusian and Dominican religious orders kept their rites, but in the second half of the twentieth century two of these three chose to adopt the Roman Rite. The rite of Braga, in northern Portugal, also seems to have been practically abandoned: since 18 November 1971 that archdiocese authorizes its use only on an optional basis.[24]
Beginning in the late seventeenth century, France and neighbouring areas, such as Münster, Cologne and Trier in Germany, saw a flurry of independent missals published by bishops influenced by Jansenism and Gallicanism. This ended when Abbot Guéranger and others initiated in the nineteenth century a campaign to return to the Roman Missal.
Pius V's revision of the liturgy had as one of its declared aims the restoration of the Roman Missal "to the original form and rite of the holy Fathers".[15] Due to the relatively limited resources available to his scholars, this aim was in fact not realised.[25]
Three different printings of Pius V's Roman Missal, with minor variations, appeared in 1570, a folio and a quarto edition in Rome and a folio edition in Venice. A reproduction of what is considered to be the earliest, referred to therefore as the editio princeps, was produced in 1998.[26] In the course of the printing of the editio princeps, some corrections were made by pasting revised texts over parts of the already printed pages.[27] There were several printings again in the following year 1571, with various corrections of the text.[28]
With the Apostolic Constitution (Papal Bull) "Quo Primum" of 14 July 1570, Pope St Pius V implemented the decision of the Council of Trent that entrusted the Pope with revising the Roman Missal. Without making any distinction about different part of his Missal, he declared: "We order and enjoin that nothing must be added to Our recently published Missal, nothing omitted from it, nor anything whatsoever be changed within it under the penalty of Our displeasure. ... in virtue of Our Apostolic authority, We grant and concede in perpetuity that, for the chanting or reading of the Mass in any church whatsoever, this Missal is hereafter to be followed absolutely, without any scruple of conscience or fear of incurring any penalty, judgment, or censure, and may freely and lawfully be used. Nor are superiors, administrators, canons, chaplains, and other secular priests, or religious, of whatever title designated, obliged to celebrate the Mass otherwise than as enjoined by Us. We likewise declare and ordain that no one whosoever is forced or coerced to alter this Missal, and that this present document cannot be revoked or modified, but remain always valid and retain its full force notwithstanding the previous constitutions and decrees of the Holy See. ... No one whosoever is permitted to alter this notice of Our permission, statute, ordinance, command, precept, grant, indult, declaration, will, decree, and prohibition. Should any person venture to do so, let him know that he will incur the wrath of Almighty God and of the Blessed Apostles Peter and Paul."[29]
Pope Pius V lived less than two years after promulgating his Missal, but in that time he himself, without fear of incurring the wrath of Almighty God and of the Blessed Apostles Peter and Paul, altered the Roman Missal that he had promulgated, adding to it the feast of Our Lady of Victory, a feast whose name his immediate successor, Pope Gregory XIII, changed to "The Most Holy Rosary of the Blessed Virgin Mary" (see General Roman Calendar as in 1954). Pope John XXIII changed its name to "Our Lady of the Rosary" (see General Roman Calendar of 1962).
For the changes Pope Pius V made in the Roman Calendar, see Tridentine Calendar#Comparison with other Roman calendars.
The Missal of Pope Pius V, being the revision of the Roman Missal asked for by the Council of Trent, is the Missal of the "Tridentine Mass" in the strictest sense.[30]
Pope Clement VIII issued in 1592 a revised edition of the Vulgate. The Bible texts in the Missal of Pope Pius V did not correspond exactly to what was thus declared to be official text of the Bible in Latin. Accordingly, Pope Clement edited and revised Pope Pius V's, making alterations not only in the Scriptural texts, but in other matters as well. He abolished some prayers that the 1570 Missal of Pope Pius V obliged the priest to say on entering the church; it shortened the two prayers to be said after the Confiteor; it directed that the words "Haec quotiescumque feceritis, in mei memoriam facietis" should not be said, as before, while displaying the chalice to the people after the consecration ("ostendit populo dicens"), but before doing so; it stated at several points of the Canon that the priest was to pronounce the words inaudibly; it suppressed the rule that, at High Mass, the priest, even if not a bishop, was to give the final blessing with three signs of the cross; and it rewrote the rubrics, introducing, for instance, the ringing of a small bell, a usage that even after 1604 (in fact until the time of Pope John Paul II) remained excluded from Mass celebrated by or in the presence of the Pope.[31]
With his Apostolic Constitution Cum Sanctissimum of 7 July 1604, Pope Clement VIII promulgated his revised Missal, "notwithstanding whatsoever licenses, indults and privileges hitherto granted by Us or by the Roman Pontiffs, Our Predecessors, to print the aforenamed Missal of Pius V, which by these presents We expressly revoke and which We wish to be revoked."[32]
While he did not juridically abrogate the Missal of Pope Pius V, he replaced it with his own text.
In 1634, 64 years after the publication of the Missal of Pope Pius V, and 30 years after the Missal of Pope Clement VIII, Pope Urban VIII made another general revision of the Roman Missal, which he promulgated with his Apostolic Constitution Si quid est, declaring: "Following in the footsteps of the Supreme Pontiffs, Our Predecessors, Pius V and Clement VIII, who undertook to review and restore most diligently the rite and prayers pertaining to the celebration of this sacred Mystery, We have ordered that these be again examined and that if by chance anything, as often happens, has been corrupted in the course of time, it shall be restored to its former standard."[33]
The first "typical edition" (that is, the edition to which printers were ordered to make their editions conform) of the Roman Missal was thus issued in 1570. The second typical edition was published by Pope Clement VIII in 1604, and in the third by Pope Urban VIII in 1634.
Pope Leo XIII published another typical edition in 1884,[34] with only minor changes, not profound enough to merit having the papal bull of its promulgation included in the Missal, as the bulls of 1604 and 1634 were. Essentially, therefore, Urban VIII's Missal survived for almost three centuries from 1634 to 1920, with the addition of many more saints' feasts.
With the bull Divino Afflatu of 1 November 1911[35] Pope Pius X made significant changes in the rubrics. This bull was printed in the next typical edition of the Roman Missal, issued by Pope Benedict XV in 1920, which also included a new section headed: "Additions and Changes in the Rubrics of the Missal in accordance with the Bull Divino afflatu and the Subsequent Decrees of the Sacred Congregation of Rites". This additional section was almost as long as the previous section on the "General Rubrics of the Missal", which continued to be printed unchanged.
Although Pope Pius XII radically revised the Palm Sunday and Easter Triduum liturgy, suppressed many vigils and octaves and made other alterations in the calendar (see General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII), he published no new typical edition of the Roman Missal, since the changes he made were intended to be followed by others. However, these changes were incorporated into new printings of the 1920 typical edition, in the same way that feasts instituted by Pope Pius XI were incorporated into such printings.
The final typical edition of the Tridentine Missal was promulgated by Pope John XXIII in 1962, replacing both Pius X's "Additions and Changes in the Rubrics of the Missal" and the earlier "General Rubrics of the Missal" with the completely revised Code of Rubrics issued in 1960. This is the edition of the Roman Missal that in 2007 Pope Benedict XVI authorized for continued use as an extraordinary form of the Roman Rite.
Changes made to the liturgy in 1965 and 1967 in the wake of decisions of the Second Vatican Council were not incorporated in the Roman Missal, but were reflected in the provisional vernacular translations produced when the language of the people began to be used in addition to Latin. This explains the references sometimes met in an English-language context to "the 1965 Missal".
The missals produced by various printing houses almost every year were affected not only by the changes made in the successive "typical editions" but also by the many additions of new feasts to the liturgical calendar. However, these additions had no effect on the form of the Mass.
In this field, Pius V's work in severely reducing the number of such feasts (see Tridentine Calendar) was very soon undone by his successors. Feasts that he abolished, such as those of the Presentation of Mary, Saint Anne and Saint Anthony of Padua, were restored even before Clement VIII's 1604 typical edition of the Missal was issued. Pius V had also, while keeping on 8 December what he called the feast of "the Conception of Blessed Mary" (omitting the word "Immaculate"), suppressed the existing special Mass for the feast, directing that the Mass for the Nativity of Mary (with the word "Nativity" replaced by "Conception") be used instead. Part of that earlier Mass was revived in the Mass that Pope Pius IX ordered to be used on the feast.
The calendar was revised partially in 1955 and 1960 and completely in 1969, again reducing the number of feasts.[36] But additions continue to be made.
The Mass is divided into two parts, the Mass of the Catechumens and the Mass of the Faithful. Catechumens, those being instructed in the faith,[37] were once dismissed after the first half, not having yet professed the faith. Profession of faith was considered essential for participation in the Eucharistic sacrifice.[38]
This rule of the Didache is still in effect. It is only one of the three conditions (baptism, right faith and right living) for admission to receiving Holy Communion that the Catholic Church has always applied and that were already mentioned in the early second century by Saint Justin Martyr: "And this food is called among us the Eucharist, of which no one is allowed to partake but the man who believes that the things which we teach are true, and who has been washed with the washing that is for the remission of sins, and unto regeneration, and who is so living as Christ has enjoined" (First Apology, Chapter LXVI).
The first part is the Mass of the Catechumens.[39]
"Confíteor Deo omnipoténti, beátæ Maríæ semper Vírgini, beáto Michaéli Archángelo, beáto Joanni Baptístæ, sanctis Apóstolis Petro et Paulo, ómnibus Sanctis, et vobis, fratres (tibi, Pater), quia peccávi nimis cogitatióne, verbo et ópere: mea culpa, mea culpa, mea máxima culpa. Ideo precor beátam Maríam semper Vírginem, beátum Michaélem Archángelum, beátum Joánnem Baptístam, sanctos Apóstolos Petrum et Paulum, omnes Sanctos, et vos, fratres (te, Pater), oráre pro me ad Dóminum Deum nostrum." (Translation: I confess to almighty God, to blessed Mary ever Virgin, to blessed Michael the archangel, to blessed John the Baptist, to the holy apostles Peter and Paul, to all the saints, and to you, brethren, that I have sinned exceedingly in thought, word, and deed through my fault, through my fault, through my most grievous fault (in Latin, mea culpa, mea culpa, mea maxima culpa). Therefore I beseech blessed Mary ever Virgin ... and you, brethren, to pray to the Lord our God for me.) The servers pray for the priest: "May Almighty God have mercy on you, forgive you your sins, and bring you to life everlasting." Then it is the servers' turn to confess sinfulness and to ask for prayers. They use the same words as those used by the priest, except that they say "you, Father," in place of "you, brethren", and the priest responds with the same prayer that the servers have used for him plus an extra prayer.
The second part is the Mass of the Faithful.[42]
Tridentine editions of the Roman Missal also contained prayers recommended, but not imposed, for recitation by the priest privately after Mass.[52] The Canticle of the Three Youths (Dan 3) is one of these prayers.
The participation of the congregation at the Tridentine Mass is interior, involving eye and heart, and exterior by mouth.[53]
Except in the Dialogue Mass form, which arose about 1910 and led to a more active participation of the congregation, the people present at the Tridentine Mass do not recite out loud the prayers of the Mass. Only the server or servers join with the priest in reciting the prayers at the foot of the altar (which include the Confiteor) and in speaking the other responses.[54] Most of the prayers that the priest says are spoken inaudibly, including almost all the Mass of the Faithful: the offertory prayers, the Canon of the Mass (except for the preface and the final doxology), and (apart from the Agnus Dei) those between the Lord's Prayer and the postcommunion.
At a Solemn Mass or Missa Cantata, a choir sings the servers' responses, except for the Prayers at the Foot of the Altar. The choir also sings the Introit, the Kyrie, the Gloria, the Gradual, the Tract or Alleluia, the Credo, the Offertory and Communion antiphons, the Sanctus, and the Agnus Dei. Of these, only the five that form part of the Ordinary of the Mass are usually sung at a Missa Cantata. In addition to the Gregorian Chant music for these, polyphonic compositions also exist, some quite elaborate. The priest largely says quietly the words of the chants and then recites other prayers while the choir continues the chant.
There are various forms of celebration of the Tridentine Mass:
In its article "The Liturgy of the Mass", the 1917 Catholic Encyclopedia describes how, when concelebration ceased to be practised in Western Europe, Low Mass became distinguished from High Mass:[55]
On the origin of the "Missa Cantata", the same source gives the following information:
Pius XII began in earnest the work of revising the Roman Missal with a thorough revision of the rites of Holy Week, which, after an experimental period beginning in 1951, was made obligatory in 1955. The Mass that used to be said on Holy Thursday morning was moved to the evening, necessitating a change in the rule that previously had required fasting from midnight. The Good Friday service was moved to the afternoon, Holy Communion was no longer reserved for the priest alone (as before, hosts consecrated at the Holy Thursday Mass were used) and the priest no longer received part of the host in unconsecrated wine. The Easter Vigil service that used to be held on the morning of Holy Saturday was moved to the night that leads to Easter Sunday and many changes were made to the content.
In 1960, Pope John XXIII (1958-1963) ordered the suppression of the word "perfidis" ("faithless"), applied to the Jews, in the rites for Good Friday. He also revised the rubrics to the Order of Mass and also the Breviary. Two years later, in 1962, he made some more minor modifications on the occasion of publishing a new typical edition of the Roman Missal. This is the edition authorized for use by virtue of the Quattuor abhinc annos indult (see below, under Present status of the Tridentine Mass). Among the other changes he made and that were included in the 1962 Missal were: adding St. Joseph's name to the Roman Canon; eliminating the second Confiteor before Communion; suppressing 10 feasts, such as St. Peter's Chair in Rome (or, more accurately, combining both feasts of St Peter's Chair into one, as they originally had been); incorporating the abolition of 4 festal octaves and 9 vigils of feasts and other changes made by Pope Pius XII; and modifying rubrics especially for Solemn High Masses.[57] Among the names that disappeared from the Roman Missal was that of St Philomena: her liturgical celebration had never been admitted to the General Roman Calendar, but from 1920 it had been included (with an indication that the Mass was to be taken entirely from the common) in the section headed "Masses for some places", i.e. only those places for which it had been specially authorized; but her name had already in 1961 been ordered to be removed from all liturgical calendars.
On 4 December 1963, the Second Vatican Council decreed in Chapter II of its Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy Sacrosanctum Concilium:[58]
"[T]he rite of the Mass is to be revised ... the rites are to be simplified, due care being taken to preserve their substance. Parts which with the passage of time came to be duplicated, or were added with little advantage, are to be omitted. Other parts which suffered loss through accidents of history are to be restored to the vigor they had in the days of the holy Fathers, as may seem useful or necessary. The treasures of the Bible are to be opened up more lavishly so that a richer fare may be provided for the faithful at the table of God’s word ... A suitable place may be allotted to the vernacular in Masses which are celebrated with the people ... communion under both kinds may be granted when the bishops think fit...as, for instance, to the newly ordained in the Mass of their sacred ordination, to the newly professed in the Mass of their religious profession, and to the newly baptized in the Mass which follows their baptism..."
The instruction Inter Oecumenici[59] of 26 September 1964 initiated the application to the Mass of the decisions that the Council had taken less than a year before. Permission was given for use, only in Mass celebrated with the people, of the vernacular language, especially in the Biblical readings and the reintroduced Prayers of the Faithful, but also, "until the whole of the Ordinary of the Mass has been revised," in the chants (Kyrie, Gloria, Creed, Sanctus, Agnus Dei, and the entrance, offertory and communion antiphons) and in the parts that involved dialogue with the people, and also in the Our Father, which the people could now recite entirely together with the priest. Most Episcopal Conferences quickly approved interim vernacular translations, generally different from country to country, and, after having them confirmed by the Holy See, published them in 1965. Other changes included the omission of Psalm 42 (41) at the start of Mass and the Last Gospel at the end, both of which Pope Pius V had first inserted into the Missal (having previously been private prayers said by the priest in the sacristy), and the Leonine Prayers of Pope Leo XIII. The Canon of the Mass, which continued to be recited silently, was kept in Latin.
Three years later, the instruction Tres abhinc annos[60] of 4 May 1967 gave permission for use of the vernacular even in the Canon of the Mass, and allowed it to be said audibly and even, in part, to be chanted; the vernacular could be used even at Mass celebrated without the people being present. Use of the maniple was made optional, and at three ceremonies at which the cope was previously the obligatory vestment the chasuble could be used instead.
Pope Paul VI continued implementation of the Council's directives, ordering with Apostolic Constitution Missale Romanum[61] of Holy Thursday, 3 April 1969, publication of a new official edition of the Roman Missal, which appeared (in Latin) in 1970.
Some Traditionalist Catholics reject to a greater or lesser extent the changes made since 1950 (see Traditionalist Catholic). None advocate returning to the original (1570) form of the liturgy, or even to its form before Pius X's revision of the rubrics, but some refuse to accept the 1955 changes in the liturgy of Palm Sunday and the Easter Triduum and to the liturgical calendar (see General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII). Instead, they use the General Roman Calendar as in 1954. Others accept the 1955 changes, which were introduced by Pius XII, but not those of Pope John XXIII. Others again, in accordance with the authorization granted by Pope Benedict XVI in Summorum Pontificum, use the Missal and calendar as it was in 1962.
Traditionalist Catholics argue that, unlike earlier reforms, the revision of 1969-1970 which replaced the Tridentine Mass with the Mass of Pope Paul VI represented a major break with the past. They claim that the content of the revised liturgy is, in Catholic terms, seriously deficient and defective; some even hold that it is displeasing to God, and that no Catholic should attend it.[62]
When a preliminary text of two of the sections of the revised Missal was published in 1969, Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre gathered a group of twelve theologians, who, under his direction,[63] wrote a study of the text. They stated that it "represents, both as a whole and in its details, a striking departure from the Catholic theology of the Mass as it was formulated in Session 22 of the Council of Trent".[64] Cardinal Alfredo Ottaviani, a former Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, supported this study with a letter of 25 September 1969 to Pope Paul VI. Cardinal Antonio Bacci signed the same letter. The critical study became known as "the Ottaviani Intervention". Cardinal Ottaviani subsequently stated in writing that he had not intended his letter to be made public, and that Pope Paul VI's doctrinal exposition, on 19 November[65] and 26 November 1969,[66] of the revised liturgy in its definitive form meant that "no one can be genuinely scandalised any more".[67] Jean Madiran, a critic of Vatican II[68] and editor of the French journal Itinéraires, claimed that this letter was fraudulently presented to the elderly and already blind cardinal for his signature by his secretary, Monsignor (and future Cardinal) Gilberto Agustoni, and that Agustoni resigned shortly afterwards.[69] This allegation remains unproven, and Madiran himself was not an eyewitness of the alleged deception.[70]
In October 1967, a meeting of the Synod of Bishops had already given its opinion on a still earlier draft. Of the 187 members, 78 approved it as it stood, 62 approved it but suggested various modifications, 4 abstained, and 47 voted against.[71]
From the 1960s onwards, Western countries have experienced a drop in Mass attendance (in the United States, from 75% of Catholics attending in 1958 to 25% attending by 2002). These same countries also saw a decline in seminary enrollments and in the number of priests (in the United States, from 1,575 ordinations in 1954 to 450 in 2002), and a general erosion of belief in the doctrines of the Catholic faith. Opponents of the revision of the Mass liturgy argue, citing opinion poll evidence in their support, that the revision contributed to this decline.[72] Others, pointing to the fact that, globally, there are more priests and seminarians now than in previous years (in 1970, there were 72,991 major seminarians worldwide; in 2002, there were 113,199), suggest that the apparent decline of Catholic practice in the West is due to the general influence of secularism and liberalism on Western societies rather than to developments within the Catholic Church.
Following the introduction of the Mass of Paul VI in 1969-1970, the Holy See granted a significant number of permissions for the use of the former liturgy. For example, elderly priests were not required to switch to celebrating the new rite. In England and Wales, occasional celebrations of the Tridentine Mass were allowed in virtue of what became known as the "Agatha Christie indult". However, there was no general worldwide legal framework allowing for the celebration of the rite. Following the rise of the Traditionalist Catholic movement in the 1970s, Pope Paul VI reportedly declined to liberalise its use further on the grounds that it had become a politically charged symbol associated with opposition to his policies.[cita requerida]
In 1984, the Holy See sent a letter known as Quattuor Abhinc Annos to the presidents of the world's Episcopal Conferences. This document empowered diocesan bishops to authorise, on certain conditions, celebrations of the Tridentine Mass for priests and laypeople who requested them.[73] In 1988, following the excommunication of Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre and four bishops that he had consecrated, the Pope issued a further document, a motu proprio known as Ecclesia Dei,[74] which stated that "respect must everywhere be shown for the feelings of all those who are attached to the Latin liturgical tradition". The Pope urged bishops to give "a wide and generous application" to the provisions of Quattuor Abhinc Annos, and established the Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei to oversee relations between Rome and Traditionalist Catholics.
The Holy See itself granted authorization to use the Tridentine Mass to a significant number of priests and priestly societies, such as the Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter, the Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest, and the Personal Apostolic Administration of Saint John Mary Vianney. Some diocesan bishops, however, declined to authorise celebrations within their dioceses, or did so only to a limited extent. In some cases, the difficulty was that those seeking the permission were hostile to the church authorities. Other refusals of permission were alleged to have stemmed from certain bishops' disapproval in principle of celebrations of the Tridentine liturgy.
As a cardinal, Josef Ratzinger was seen as having a particular interest in the liturgy, and as being friendly towards the older rite of Mass. He famously criticised the erratic way in which, contrary to official policy, many priests celebrated the revised rite.[75] His election to the papacy as Benedict XVI in April 2005 gave new hope to Catholics who favoured the Tridentine Mass or wished to reform the Mass of Paul VI.
In September 2006, the Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei established the Institute of the Good Shepherd, made up of former members of the Society of St. Pius X, in Bordeaux, France, with permission to use the Tridentine liturgy.[76] This step was met with some discontent from French clergy, and thirty priests wrote an open letter to the Pope.[77] Consistently with its previous policy, the Society of St Pius X rejected the move.[78]
Following repeated rumours that the use of the Tridentine Mass would be liberalised, the Pope issued a motu proprio called Summorum Pontificum in July 2007,[4] together with an accompanying letter to the world's Bishops.[5] The Pope declared that "the Roman Missal promulgated by Paul VI is the ordinary expression of the lex orandi (law of prayer) of the Catholic Church of the Latin rite. Nevertheless, the Roman Missal promulgated by St. Pius V and reissued by Bl. John XXIII is to be considered as an extraordinary expression of that same 'Lex orandi'".[79] He further stated that "the 1962 Missal ... was never juridically abrogated".[80] He replaced with new rules those of Quattuor Abhinc Annos on use of the older form: essentially, authorization for using the 1962 form for parish Masses and those celebrated on public occasions such as a wedding is devolved from the local bishop to the priest in charge of a church, and any priest of the Latin Rite may use the 1962 Roman Missal in "Masses celebrated without the people", a term that does not exclude attendance by other worshippers, lay or clergy.[81] While requests by groups of Catholics wishing to use the Tridentine liturgy in parish Masses are to be dealt with by the parish priest (or the rector of the church) rather than, as before, by the local bishop, the Pope and Cardinal Darío Castrillón have stated that the bishops' authority is not thereby undermined.[82]
The regulations set out in Summorum Pontificum provide that:
The publication of Summorum Pontificum has led to an increase in the number of regularly scheduled public Tridentine Masses. On 14 June 2008 Cardinal Darío Castrillón Hoyos told a London press conference that Pope Benedict wants every parish to offer both the old and the new forms for Sunday Mass.[84]
The cardinal also said that the Vatican was preparing to instruct seminaries to teach all students the Tridentine form of the Roman Rite. The complexity of the rubrics makes it difficult for priests accustomed to the simpler modern form to celebrate the Tridentine form properly, and it is unclear how many have the required knowledge.
A list of priestly societies and religious institutes in good standing with the Holy See that use the Tridentine Mass is given at Communities Using the Tridentine Mass.
Some Traditionalist Catholic priests and organisations, holding that no official permission is required to use any form of the Tridentine Mass, celebrate it without regularizing their situation,[85] and sometimes using editions of the Roman Missal earlier than the 1962 edition approved in Summorum Pontificum.
In order to provide for those who attend the Tridentine Mass, publishers have issued facsimiles or reprintings of old missals. There were two new printings of the 1962 Tridentine Missal in 2004 in the United States: one, with the imprimatur of Bishop Fabian Bruskewitz of Lincoln, Nebraska, by Baronius Press in association with the Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter; the other by the Society of St. Pius X's publishing house, Angelus Press. Some of the Missals reproduced date from before 1955 and so do not have the revised Holy Week rites promulgated by Pope Pius XII. Some traditionalist groups, in fact, reject Pius XII's liturgical changes.
A complete list of Traditional Latin Masses was maintained after the Second Vatican Council by Mr. Radko Jansky in his Catholic Traditionalist Directory (last published in 1989) and then by Fr. Francis LeBlanc in his Directory of Tridentine Latin Masses (last published in 1992). Since 1994 the National Registry of Traditional Latin Masses maintains, updates, and publishes a list of all Traditional Latin Mass sites in North America (the United States, Canada, and Mexico) and contacts for such sites in countries outside of North America. The Directory includes the variations of position among the various traditional Catholic organizations and priests (Congregation of Mary Immaculate Queen, Diocese, Independent, Society of St. Pius V, Society of St. Pius X).
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