Selĝuka Imperio

La Selĝuka Imperio aŭ Granda Selĝuka Imperio (literumita ankaŭ Seljuk) estis mezepoka Tjurk-Persa sunaisma islama imperio, origininta el la tribo Kinik de Oguzoj.^[1] La Selĝuka Imperio kontrolis ampleksan areon etende el Hindukuŝo al orienta Anatolio kaj el Centra Azio al la Persa Golfo. El ties hejmlokoj ĉe la Arala Maro, la Selĝukoj antaŭeniris unue al Ĥorasano kaj poste al ĉeftero de Persio antaŭ finfine konkeri orientan Anatolion.

Selĝuka Imperio
1037 – 1190
historia lando • imperio
Geografio La Selĝuka Imperio en sia plej ampleksa periodo, 1092
Ĉefurbo:	Nejŝaburo • Ŝahr-e Rej • Esfahano • Hamadano • Merv • Nejŝaburo
Loĝantaro
Lingvoj:	persa lingvo • araba lingvo • Proto-Oghuz
Religioj:	sunaismo • islamo
Ŝtat-strukturo
Ŝtat-strukturo:	monarkio
Monunuo:	dinaro
Antaŭaj ŝtatoj: Postsekvaj ŝtatoj: Elstaraj historiaj eventoj Diplomatiaj rilatoj
v • d • r

La Selĝuka Sultanlando Rum en 1190.

La Selĝuka Imperio estis fondita de Tughril Beg (1016–63) en 1037. Tughril estis starigita fare de sia avo, Selĝuk-Beg, kiu estis en tre alta rango en Oguzio. Selĝuk havigis sian nomon kaj al la Selĝuka Imperio kaj al la Selĝuka dinastio. La Selĝukoj unuigis la frakciigitan politikan scenejon de la orienta Islama mondo kaj ludis ŝlosilan rolon en la Unua kaj Dua krucmilitoj. Tre persiigita^[2] en kulturo^[3] kaj lingvo,^[4] la Selĝukoj ludis ankaŭ gravan rolon en la disvolvigo de la turk-persa tradicio,^[5] eĉ eksportante persan kulturon al Anatolio.^[6][7] La setlado de Tjurkaj triboj en la nordokcidentaj periferiaj partoj de la imperio, pro la strategiaj militaj celoj eviti invadojn el najbaraj ŝtatoj, kondukis al la iompostioma turkigon de tiuj areoj.^[8]

Regantoj

• Ahmad Sanĝar
• Muhammad la 1-a

Literaturo

• Previté-Orton, C. W. (1971). The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Tetley, G. E. (2008). The Ghaznavid and Seljuk Turks: Poetry as a Source for Iranian History. Abingdon. ISBN 9780415431194.
• Stokes, Jamie, eld. (2008). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. New York: Facts On File. ISBN 9780816071586.

Vidu ankaŭ

• Merv (Turkmenio)
• Tamgao

Referencoj

1. • (2002) “Review: The History of the Seljuq Turkmens: The History of the Seljuq Turkmens”, Journal of Islamic Studies 13 (1), p. 75–76. doi:10.1093/jis/13.1.75. 

   • Bosworth, C. E. (2001). Notes on Some Turkish Names in Abu 'l-Fadl Bayhaqi's Tarikh-i Mas'udi. Oriens, Vol. 36, 2001 (2001), pp. 299–313.
   • Dani, A. H., Masson, V. M. (Eld), Asimova, M. S. (Eld), Litvinsky, B. A. (Eld), Boaworth, C. E. (Eld). (1999). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (Pvt. Ltd).
   • Hancock, I. (2006). ON ROMANI ORIGINS AND IDENTITY. The Romani Archives and Documentation Center. The University of Texas at Austin.
   • Asimov, M. S., Bosworth, C. E. (eld.). (1998). History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. IV: The Age of Achievement: AD 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century, Part One: The Historical, Social and Economic Setting. Multiple History Series. Paris: UNESCO Publishing.
2. • Encyclopaedia Iranica, "Šahrbānu", Online Edition: "... here one might bear in mind that non-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Saljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkmen heroes or Muslim saints ..."
   • Josef W. Meri, "Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia", Londono: eldonejo Routledge, 2005, p. 399
   • Michael Mandelbaum, "Central Asia and the World", Council on Foreign Relations (majo 1994), p. 79
   • Jonathan Dewald, "Europe 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World", Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, p. 24: "Turcoman armies coming from the East had driven the Byzantines out of much of Asia Minor and established the Persianized sultanate of the Seljuks."
3. • C.E. Bosworth, "Turkmen Expansion towards the west" in UNESCO History of Humanity, Volume IV, titled "From the Seventh to the Sixteenth Century", UNESCO Publishing / Routledge, p. 391.
   • Mehmed Fuad Köprülü, "Early Mystics in Turkish Literature", Tradukita de Gary Leiser kaj Robert Dankoff, Routledge, 2006, pg 149.
   • Stephen P. Blake, Shahjahanabad: The Sovereign City in Mughal India, 1639–1739. Cambridge University Press, 1991. pg 123: "For the Seljuks and Il-Khanids in Iran it was the rulers rather than the conquered who were "Persianized and Islamicized"
4. • Encyclopaedia Iranica, "Šahrbānu", Online Edition: "... here one might bear in mind that non-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Saljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkmen heroes or Muslim saints ..."
   • O.Özgündenli, "Persian Manuscripts in Ottoman and Modern Turkish Libraries Arkivigite je 2012-01-22 per la retarkivo Wayback Machine", Encyclopaedia Iranica, reta eldono
   • Encyclopaedia Britannica, "Seljuq", reta eldono: "... Because the Turkish Seljuqs had no Islamic tradition or strong literary heritage of their own, they adopted the cultural language of their Persian instructors in Islam. Literary Persian thus spread to the whole of Iran, and the Arabic language disappeared in that country except in works of religious scholarship ..."
   • M. Ravandi, "The Seljuq court at Konya and the Persianisation of Anatolian Cities", in Mesogeios (Mediterranean Studies), vol. 25-6 (2005), pp. 157–69
   • F. Daftary, "Sectarian and National Movements in Iran, Khorasan, and Trasoxania during Umayyad and Early Abbasid Times", in History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol 4, pt. 1; eldonita de M.S. Asimov kaj C.E. Bosworth; UNESCO Publishing, Institute of Ismaili Studies: "... Not only did the inhabitants of Khurasan not succumb to the language of the nomadic invaders, but they imposed their own tongue on them. The region could even assimilate the Turkic Ghaznavids and Seljuks (eleventh and twelfth centuries), the Timurids (fourteenth–fifteenth centuries), and the Qajars (nineteenth–twentieth centuries) ..."
5. "The Turko-Persian tradition features Persian culture patronized by Turkic rulers." Vidu Daniel Pipes: "The Event of Our Era: Former Soviet Muslim Republics Change the Middle East" en Michael Mandelbaum, "Central Asia and the World: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkemenistan and the World", Council on Foreign Relations, p. 79.
6. Grousset, Rene, The Empire of the Steppes, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 574.
7. Bingham, Woodbridge, Hilary Conroy and Frank William Iklé, History of Asia, Vol.1, (Allyn kaj Bacon, 1964), 98.
8. • An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples (Peter B. Golden. Otto Harrasowitz, 1992). p. 386.
   • John Perry. "The Historical Role of Turkish in Relation to Persian of Iran". Iran & the Caucasus, Vol. 5, (2001), pp. 193–200.
   • Laŭ C.E. Bosworth:

   "The eastern Caucasus came under Saljuq control in the middle years of the 5th/11th century, and in ca. 468/1075-56 Sultan Alp Arslān sent his slave commander ʿEmād-al-dīn Savtigin as governor of Azerbaijan and Arrān, displacing the last Shaddadids. From this period begins the increasing Turkicization of Arrān, under the Saljuqs and then under the line of Eldigüzid or Ildeñizid Atabegs, who had to defend eastern Transcaucasia against the attacks of the resurgent Georgian kings. The influx of Oghuz and other Türkmens was accentuated by the Mongol invasions. Bardaʿa had never revived fully after the Rūs sacking, and is little mentioned in the sources." (C.E. Bsowrth, Arran in Encyclopedia Iranica)

   • Laŭ Fridrik Thordarson:

   "Iranian influence on Caucasian languages. There is general agreement that Iranian languages predominated in Azerbaijan from the 1st millennium b.c. until the advent of the Turks in a.d. the 11th century (see Menges, pp. 41–42; Camb. Hist. Iran IV, pp. 226–28, and VI, pp. 950–52). The process of Turkicization was essentially complete by the beginning of the 16th century, and today Iranian languages are spoken in only a few scattered settlements in the area."

• Kategorio Selĝuka Imperio en la Vikimedia Komunejo (Multrimedaj datumoj)