Samarium(II) iodide

Samarium(II) iodide is an inorganic compound with the formula SmI₂. When employed as a solution for organic synthesis, it is known as Kagan's reagent. SmI₂ is a green solid and forms a dark blue solution in THF.^[1] It is a strong one-electron reducing agent that is used in organic synthesis.

Samarium(II) iodide

Names
IUPAC name samarium(II) iodide
Other names samarium diiodide
Identifiers
CAS Number	32248-43-4 Y
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
ChemSpider	125002 Y
PubChem CID	141689
UNII	L15T8U41LC Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID80893790
InChI InChI=1S/2HI.Sm/h2*1H;/q;;+2/p-2 Y Key: UAWABSHMGXMCRK-UHFFFAOYSA-L Y InChI=1/2HI.Sm/h2*1H;/q;;+2/p-2 Key: UAWABSHMGXMCRK-NUQVWONBAD
SMILES I[Sm]I
Properties
Chemical formula	SmI2
Molar mass	404.16 g/mol
Appearance	green solid
Melting point	520 °C (968 °F; 793 K)
Hazards
Flash point	Non-flammable
Related compounds
Other anions	Samarium(II) chloride Samarium(II) bromide
Other cations	Samarium(III) iodide Europium(II) iodide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references

Samarium(II) iodide

Structure

In solid samarium(II) iodide, the metal centers are seven-coordinate with a face-capped octahedral geometry.^[2]

Structure of the samarium(II) iodide-tetrahydrofuran complex

In its ether adducts, samarium remains heptacoordinate with five ether and two terminal iodide ligands.^[3]

Preparation

Samarium iodide is easily prepared in nearly quantitative yields from samarium metal and either diiodomethane or 1,2-diiodoethane.^[4] When prepared in this way, its solutions is most often used without purification of the inorganic reagent.

${\displaystyle {\begin{array}{cl}{}\\{\ce {{Sm}+ ICH2I ->[{\ce {THF}}] SmI2}}+0.5{\ce {H2C=CH2}}\\{\ce {{Sm}+ I(CH2)2I ->[{\ce {THF}}] {SmI2}+ H2C=CH2}}\\{}\end{array}}}$

()

Solid, solvent-free SmI₂ forms by high temperature decomposition of samarium(III) iodide (SmI₃).^[5][6][7]

Reactions

Samarium(II) iodide is a powerful reducing agent – for example it rapidly reduces water to hydrogen.^[2] It is available commercially as a dark blue 0.1 M solution in THF. Although used typically in superstoichiometric amounts, catalytic applications have been described.^[8]

Organic chemistry

Main article: Reductions with samarium(II) iodide

Samarium(II) iodide is a reagent for carbon-carbon bond formation, for example in a Barbier reaction (similar to the Grignard reaction) between a ketone and an alkyl iodide to form a tertiary alcohol:^[9]

R¹I + R²COR³ → R¹R²C(OH)R³

Barbier reaction using SmI₂

Typical reaction conditions use SmI₂ in THF in the presence of catalytic NiI₂.

Esters react similarly (adding two R groups), but aldehydes give by-products. The reaction is convenient in that it is often very rapid (5 minutes or less in the cold). Although samarium(II) iodide is considered a powerful single-electron reducing agent, it does display remarkable chemoselectivity among functional groups. For example, sulfones and sulfoxides can be reduced to the corresponding sulfide in the presence of a variety of carbonyl-containing functionalities (such as esters, ketones, amides, aldehydes, etc.). This is presumably due to the considerably slower reaction with carbonyls as compared to sulfones and sulfoxides. Furthermore, hydrodehalogenation of halogenated hydrocarbons to the corresponding hydrocarbon compound can be achieved using samarium(II) iodide. Also, it can be monitored by the color change that occurs as the dark blue color of SmI₂ in THF discharges to a light yellow once the reaction has occurred. The picture shows the dark colour disappearing immediately upon contact with the Barbier reaction mixture.

Work-up is with dilute hydrochloric acid, and the samarium is removed as aqueous Sm³⁺.

Carbonyl compounds can also be coupled with simple alkenes to form five, six or eight membered rings.^[10]

Tosyl groups can be removed from N-tosylamides almost instantaneously, using SmI₂ in conjunction with distilled water and an amine base. The reaction is even effective for deprotection of sensitive substrates such as aziridines:^[11]

Removal of a tosyl group from an N-tosylamide using SmI₂

In the Markó-Lam deoxygenation, an alcohol could be almost instantaneously deoxygenated by reducing their toluate ester in presence of SmI₂.

Markó-Lam deoxygenation using SmI₂

SmI₂ can also be used in the transannulation of bicyclic molecules. An example is the SmI₂ induced ketone - alkene cyclization of 5-methylenecyclooctanone which proceeds through a ketyl intermediate:

The applications of SmI₂ have been reviewed.^[12][13][14] The book Organic Synthesis Using Samarium Diiodide, published in 2009, gives a detailed overview of reactions mediated by SmI₂.^[15]

References

1. https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/GB/en/sds/aldrich/347116?userType=anonymous ^{[bare URL]}
2. Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
3. William J. Evans; Tammy S. Gummersheimer & Joseph W. Ziller (1995). "Coordination Chemistry of Samarium Diiodide with Ethers Including the Crystal Structure of Tetrahydrofuran-Solvated Samarium Diiodide, SmI₂(THF)₅". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117 (35): 8999–9002. doi:10.1021/ja00140a016.
4. P. Girard, J. L. Namy and H. B. Kagan (1980). "Divalent Lanthanide Derivatives in Organic Synthesis. 1. Mild Preparation of SmI₂ and YbI₂ and Their Use as Reducing or Coupling Agents". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102 (8): 2693–2698. doi:10.1021/ja00528a029.
5. G. Jantsch, N. Skalla: "Zur Kenntnis der Halogenide der seltenen Erden. IV. – Über Samarium(II)jodid und den thermischen Abbau des Samarium(III)jodids", Zeitschrift für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, 1930, 193, 391–405; doi:10.1002/zaac.19301930132.
6. G. Jantsch: "Thermischer Abbau von seltenen Erd(III)halogeniden", Die Naturwissenschaften, 1930, 18 (7), 155–155; doi:10.1007/BF01501667.
7. Gmelins Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie, System Nr. 39, Band C 6, p. 192–194.
8. Huang, Huan-Ming; McDouall, Joseph J. W.; Procter, David J. (2019). "SmI2-catalysed cyclization cascades by radical relay". Nature Catalysis. 2 (3): 211–218. doi:10.1038/s41929-018-0219-x. S2CID 104423773.
9. Machrouhi, Fouzia; Hamann, Béatrice; Namy, Jean-Louis; Kagan, Henri B. (1996). "Improved Reactivity of Diiodosamarium by Catalysis with Transition Metal Salts". Synlett. 1996 (7): 633–634. doi:10.1055/s-1996-5547. S2CID 196761752.
10. Molander, G. A.; McKiie, J. A. (1992). "Samarium(II) iodide-induced reductive cyclization of unactivated olefinic ketones. Sequential radical cyclization/intermolecular nucleophilic addition and substitution reactions". J. Org. Chem. 57 (11): 3132–3139. doi:10.1021/jo00037a033.
11. Ankner, Tobias; Göran Hilmersson (2009). "Instantaneous Deprotection of Tosylamides and Esters with SmI2/Amine/Water". Organic Letters. 11 (3). American Chemical Society: 503–506. doi:10.1021/ol802243d. PMID 19123840.
12. Patrick G. Steel (2001). "Recent developments in lanthanide mediated organic synthesis". J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 (21): 2727–2751. doi:10.1039/a908189e.
13. Molander, G. A.; Harris, C. R. (1996). "Sequencing Reactions with Samarium(II) Iodide". Chem. Rev. 96 (1): 307–338. doi:10.1021/cr950019y. PMID 11848755.
14. K. C. Nicolaou; Shelby P. Ellery; Jason S. Chen (2009). "Samarium Diiodide Mediated Reactions in Total Synthesis". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48 (39): 7140–7165. doi:10.1002/anie.200902151. PMC 2771673. PMID 19714695.
15. Procter, David J.; Flowers,II, Robert A.; Skydstrup, Troels (2009). Organic Synthesis Using Samarium Diiodide. Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 978-1-84755-110-8.