thusa

See also: thûsa

Irish

Etymology

By surface analysis, thú +‎ -sa.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈhʊsˠə/
• (Ulster) IPA^(key): /ˈhɨ̞sˠə/^[1]

Pronoun

thusa

1. emphatic form of thú

   you (singular), thou, thee

Related terms

• tusa

See also

Irish personal pronouns

	person		conjunctive (emphatic)	disjunctive (emphatic)	possessive determiner
singular	first		mé (mise)		mo L m' before vowel sounds
	second		tú (tusa)1	thú (thusa)	do L d' before vowel sounds
	third	m	sé (seisean)	é (eisean)	a L
		f	sí (sise)	í (ise)	a H
		n	—	ea	—
plural	first		muid, sinn (muidne, muide), (sinne)		ár E
	second		sibh (sibhse)1		bhur E
	third		siad (siadsan)	iad (iadsan)	a E

^L Triggers lenition   ^E Triggers eclipsis   ^H Triggers h-prothesis

¹ Also used as the vocative

The reflexive is formed by adding féin to the relevant pronoun.
For instance, "myself" = mé féin, "yourselves" = sibh féin.

References

1. Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, page 41

Further reading

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “thusa”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
• de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “thusa”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
• “thusa”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2025

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

• 𑀣𑀼𑀲 (Brahmi script)
• थुस (Devanagari script)
• থুস (Bengali script)
• ථුස (Sinhalese script)
• ထုသ (Burmese script)
• ถุส or ถุสะ (Thai script)
• ᨳᩩᩈ (Tai Tham script)
• ຖຸສ or ຖຸສະ (Lao script)
• ថុស (Khmer script)
• 𑄗𑄪𑄥 (Chakma script)

Etymology

Inherited from Sanskrit तुष (tuṣa).

Noun

thusa m^[1]

1. chaff
2. husk of grain^[1]
   • c. 500 BC, Digha Nikaya: Pathika-vagga, published c. 50 BC, အဂ္ဂည မေထုနဓမ္မသမာစာရ [aggañña methunadhammasamācāra]; republished as ဆဋ္ဌသင်္ဂီတိပိဋကံ သုတ္တန္တပိဋကေ ဒီဃနိကာယေ ပါထိကဝဂ္ဂပါဠိ [chaṭṭhasaṅgītipiṭakaṃ suttantapiṭake dīghanikāye pāthikavaggapāḷi, Sixth Council Tipitaka: Sutta Pitaka: Digha Nikaya: Pathika-vagga-->]‎, 2010 AD, page 75 (၇၅):

     အထ ကဏောပိ တဏ္ဍုလံ ပရိယောနန္ဓိ၊ ထုသောပိ တဏ္ဍုလံ ပရိယောနန္ဓိ၊ လူနမ္ပိ နပ္ပဋိဝိရူဠ္ဟံ၊ အပဒါနံ ပညာယိတ္ထ၊ သဏ္ဍသဏ္ဍာ သာလယော အဋ္ဌံသု။

     atha kaṇopi taṇḍulaṃ pariyonandhi. thusopi taṇḍulaṃ pariyonandhi. lūnampi nappaṭivirūḷhaṃ. apadānaṃ paññāyittha. saṇḍasaṇḍā sālayo aṭṭhaṃsu.

     The rice grains became wrapped in powder and husk, it didn’t grow back after reaping, leaving a trace showing, and the rice stood in clumps.

     (Translation by Ajahn Sujato)

Declension

Case \ Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	thuso	thusā
Accusative (second)	thusaṃ	thuse
Instrumental (third)	thusena	thusehi or thusebhi
Dative (fourth)	thusassa or thusāya or thusatthaṃ	thusānaṃ
Ablative (fifth)	thusasmā or thusamhā or thusā	thusehi or thusebhi
Genitive (sixth)	thusassa	thusānaṃ
Locative (seventh)	thusasmiṃ or thusamhi or thuse	thusesu
Vocative (calling)	thusa	thusā

Declension table of "thusa" (masculine)

References

1. Childers, Robert Caesar, Dictionary of the Päli language, London: Trübner & Company, 1875, page 505.

Further reading

• Pali Text Society (1921–1925) “thusa”, in Pali-English Dictionary‎, London: Chipstead

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology

By surface analysis, thu +‎ -sa. From Old Irish tussu. Cognates include Irish tusa and Manx tuss.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈus̪ə/^[1][2][3]
• (Barra) IPA^(key): [ˈus̪ʌ]^[4]

Pronoun

thusa (unlenited tusa)

1. (emphatic) thou, you (singular)

See also

Scottish Gaelic personal pronouns

		simple		emphatic
		singular	plural	singular	plural
first person		mi	sinn	mise	sinne
second person		thu, tu1	sibh2	thusa, tusa1	sibhse2
third person	m	e	iad	esan	iadsan
	f	i		ise

¹ Used when following a verb ending in -n, -s or -dh.
² sibh and sibhse also act as the polite singular pronouns.
To mark a direct object of a verbal noun, the derivatives of gam are used.

References

1. Oftedal, M. (1956) A linguistic survey of the Gaelic dialects of Scotland, Vol. III: The Gaelic of Leurbost, Isle of Lewis, Oslo: Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap
2. John MacPherson (1945) The Gaelic dialect of North Uist (Thesis)‎, Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh
3. Mac Gill-Fhinnein, Gordon (1966) Gàidhlig Uidhist a Deas, Dublin: Institiúid Ard-Léinn Bhaile Átha Cliath
4. Borgstrøm, Carl Hj. (1937) The dialect of Barra in the Outer Hebrides, Oslo: Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap

Sotho

Verb

thusa

1. to help

Descendants

• → Phuthi: -thûsa

Southern Ndebele

Verb

-thúsa

1. to frighten, to scare

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Xhosa

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Verb

-thúsa

1. (transitive) to frighten

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Zulu

Verb

-thúsa

1. (intransitive) to startle, to surprise
2. (intransitive) to frighten, to scare, to shock

Inflection

tone H (infinitive ukuthusa)

	positive	negative
infinitive	ukuthusa	ukungathusi
imperative
	simple	+ object concord
singular	thusa	-thuse
plural	thusani	-thuseni
present
	positive absolute	positive relative	positive participial	negative absolute	negative relative	negative participial
1st singular	ngiyathusa, ngithusa	engithusayo, engithusa	ngithusa	angithusi	engingathusi	ngingathusi
2nd singular	uyathusa, uthusa	othusayo, othusa	uthusa	awuthusi	ongathusi	ungathusi
1st plural	siyathusa, sithusa	esithusayo, esithusa	sithusa	asithusi	esingathusi	singathusi
2nd plural	niyathusa, nithusa	enithusayo, enithusa	nithusa	anithusi	eningathusi	ningathusi
class 1	uyathusa, uthusa	othusayo, othusa	ethusa	akathusi	ongathusi	engathusi
class 2	bayathusa, bathusa	abathusayo, abathusa	bethusa	abathusi	abangathusi	bengathusi
class 3	uyathusa, uthusa	othusayo, othusa	uthusa	awuthusi	ongathusi	ungathusi
class 4	iyathusa, ithusa	ethusayo, ethusa	ithusa	ayithusi	engathusi	ingathusi
class 5	liyathusa, lithusa	elithusayo, elithusa	lithusa	alithusi	elingathusi	lingathusi
class 6	ayathusa, athusa	athusayo, athusa	ethusa	awathusi	angathusi	engathusi
class 7	siyathusa, sithusa	esithusayo, esithusa	sithusa	asithusi	esingathusi	singathusi
class 8	ziyathusa, zithusa	ezithusayo, ezithusa	zithusa	azithusi	ezingathusi	zingathusi
class 9	iyathusa, ithusa	ethusayo, ethusa	ithusa	ayithusi	engathusi	ingathusi
class 10	ziyathusa, zithusa	ezithusayo, ezithusa	zithusa	azithusi	ezingathusi	zingathusi
class 11	luyathusa, luthusa	oluthusayo, oluthusa	luthusa	aluthusi	olungathusi	lungathusi
class 14	buyathusa, buthusa	obuthusayo, obuthusa	buthusa	abuthusi	obungathusi	bungathusi
class 15	kuyathusa, kuthusa	okuthusayo, okuthusa	kuthusa	akuthusi	okungathusi	kungathusi
class 17	kuyathusa, kuthusa	okuthusayo, okuthusa	kuthusa	akuthusi	okungathusi	kungathusi
recent past
	positive absolute	positive relative	positive participial	negative absolute	negative relative	negative participial
1st singular	ngithusile, ngithusē	engithusile, engithusē	ngithusile, ngithusē	angithusanga	engingathusanga	ngingathusanga
2nd singular	uthusile, uthusē	othusile, othusē	uthusile, uthusē	awuthusanga	ongathusanga	ungathusanga
1st plural	sithusile, sithusē	esithusile, esithusē	sithusile, sithusē	asithusanga	esingathusanga	singathusanga
2nd plural	nithusile, nithusē	enithusile, enithusē	nithusile, nithusē	anithusanga	eningathusanga	ningathusanga
class 1	uthusile, uthusē	othusile, othusē	ethusile, ethusē	akathusanga	ongathusanga	engathusanga
class 2	bathusile, bathusē	abathusile, abathusē	bethusile, bethusē	abathusanga	abangathusanga	bengathusanga
class 3	uthusile, uthusē	othusile, othusē	uthusile, uthusē	awuthusanga	ongathusanga	ungathusanga
class 4	ithusile, ithusē	ethusile, ethusē	ithusile, ithusē	ayithusanga	engathusanga	ingathusanga
class 5	lithusile, lithusē	elithusile, elithusē	lithusile, lithusē	alithusanga	elingathusanga	lingathusanga
class 6	athusile, athusē	athusile, athusē	ethusile, ethusē	awathusanga	angathusanga	engathusanga
class 7	sithusile, sithusē	esithusile, esithusē	sithusile, sithusē	asithusanga	esingathusanga	singathusanga
class 8	zithusile, zithusē	ezithusile, ezithusē	zithusile, zithusē	azithusanga	ezingathusanga	zingathusanga
class 9	ithusile, ithusē	ethusile, ethusē	ithusile, ithusē	ayithusanga	engathusanga	ingathusanga
class 10	zithusile, zithusē	ezithusile, ezithusē	zithusile, zithusē	azithusanga	ezingathusanga	zingathusanga
class 11	luthusile, luthusē	oluthusile, oluthusē	luthusile, luthusē	aluthusanga	olungathusanga	lungathusanga
class 14	buthusile, buthusē	obuthusile, obuthusē	buthusile, buthusē	abuthusanga	obungathusanga	bungathusanga
class 15	kuthusile, kuthusē	okuthusile, okuthusē	kuthusile, kuthusē	akuthusanga	okungathusanga	kungathusanga
class 17	kuthusile, kuthusē	okuthusile, okuthusē	kuthusile, kuthusē	akuthusanga	okungathusanga	kungathusanga
remote past
	positive absolute	positive relative	positive participial	negative absolute	negative relative	negative participial
1st singular	ngāthusa	engāthusa	ngāthusa	angithusanga	engingathusanga	ngingathusanga
2nd singular	wāthusa	owāthusa	wāthusa	awuthusanga	ongathusanga	ungathusanga
1st plural	sāthusa	esāthusa	sāthusa	asithusanga	esingathusanga	singathusanga
2nd plural	nāthusa	enāthusa	nāthusa	anithusanga	eningathusanga	ningathusanga
class 1	wāthusa	owāthusa	āthusa	akathusanga	ongathusanga	engathusanga
class 2	bāthusa	abāthusa	bāthusa	abathusanga	abangathusanga	bengathusanga
class 3	wāthusa	owāthusa	wāthusa	awuthusanga	ongathusanga	ungathusanga
class 4	yāthusa	eyāthusa	yāthusa	ayithusanga	engathusanga	ingathusanga
class 5	lāthusa	elāthusa	lāthusa	alithusanga	elingathusanga	lingathusanga
class 6	āthusa	āthusa	āthusa	awathusanga	angathusanga	engathusanga
class 7	sāthusa	esāthusa	sāthusa	asithusanga	esingathusanga	singathusanga
class 8	zāthusa	ezāthusa	zāthusa	azithusanga	ezingathusanga	zingathusanga
class 9	yāthusa	eyāthusa	yāthusa	ayithusanga	engathusanga	ingathusanga
class 10	zāthusa	ezāthusa	zāthusa	azithusanga	ezingathusanga	zingathusanga
class 11	lwāthusa	olwāthusa	lwāthusa	aluthusanga	olungathusanga	lungathusanga
class 14	bāthusa	obāthusa	bāthusa	abuthusanga	obungathusanga	bungathusanga
class 15	kwāthusa	okwāthusa	kwāthusa	akuthusanga	okungathusanga	kungathusanga
class 17	kwāthusa	okwāthusa	kwāthusa	akuthusanga	okungathusanga	kungathusanga
potential
	positive absolute	positive relative	positive participial	negative absolute	negative relative	negative participial
1st singular	ngingathusa	—	ngingathusa	ngingethuse	—	ngingethuse
2nd singular	ungathusa	—	ungathusa	ungethuse	—	ungethuse
1st plural	singathusa	—	singathusa	singethuse	—	singethuse
2nd plural	ningathusa	—	ningathusa	ningethuse	—	ningethuse
class 1	angathusa	—	engathusa	angethuse	—	engethuse
class 2	bangathusa	—	bengathusa	bangethuse	—	bengethuse
class 3	ungathusa	—	ungathusa	ungethuse	—	ungethuse
class 4	ingathusa	—	ingathusa	ingethuse	—	ingethuse
class 5	lingathusa	—	lingathusa	lingethuse	—	lingethuse
class 6	angathusa	—	engathusa	angethuse	—	engethuse
class 7	singathusa	—	singathusa	singethuse	—	singethuse
class 8	zingathusa	—	zingathusa	zingethuse	—	zingethuse
class 9	ingathusa	—	ingathusa	ingethuse	—	ingethuse
class 10	zingathusa	—	zingathusa	zingethuse	—	zingethuse
class 11	lungathusa	—	lungathusa	lungethuse	—	lungethuse
class 14	bungathusa	—	bungathusa	bungethuse	—	bungethuse
class 15	kungathusa	—	kungathusa	kungethuse	—	kungethuse
class 17	kungathusa	—	kungathusa	kungethuse	—	kungethuse
immediate future
	positive absolute	positive relative	positive participial	negative absolute	negative relative	negative participial
1st singular	ngizothusa	engizothusa	ngizothusa	angizuthusa	engingezuthusa	ngingezuthusa
2nd singular	uzothusa	ozothusa	uzothusa	awuzuthusa	ongezuthusa	ungezuthusa
1st plural	sizothusa	esizothusa	sizothusa	asizuthusa	esingezuthusa	singezuthusa
2nd plural	nizothusa	enizothusa	nizothusa	anizuthusa	eningezuthusa	ningezuthusa
class 1	uzothusa	ozothusa	ezothusa	akazuthusa	ongezuthusa	engezuthusa
class 2	bazothusa	abazothusa	bezothusa	abazuthusa	abangezuthusa	bengezuthusa
class 3	uzothusa	ozothusa	uzothusa	awuzuthusa	ongezuthusa	ungezuthusa
class 4	izothusa	ezothusa	izothusa	ayizuthusa	engezuthusa	ingezuthusa
class 5	lizothusa	elizothusa	lizothusa	alizuthusa	elingezuthusa	lingezuthusa
class 6	azothusa	azothusa	ezothusa	awazuthusa	angezuthusa	engezuthusa
class 7	sizothusa	esizothusa	sizothusa	asizuthusa	esingezuthusa	singezuthusa
class 8	zizothusa	ezizothusa	zizothusa	azizuthusa	ezingezuthusa	zingezuthusa
class 9	izothusa	ezothusa	izothusa	ayizuthusa	engezuthusa	ingezuthusa
class 10	zizothusa	ezizothusa	zizothusa	azizuthusa	ezingezuthusa	zingezuthusa
class 11	luzothusa	oluzothusa	luzothusa	aluzuthusa	olungezuthusa	lungezuthusa
class 14	buzothusa	obuzothusa	buzothusa	abuzuthusa	obungezuthusa	bungezuthusa
class 15	kuzothusa	okuzothusa	kuzothusa	akuzuthusa	okungezuthusa	kungezuthusa
class 17	kuzothusa	okuzothusa	kuzothusa	akuzuthusa	okungezuthusa	kungezuthusa
remote future
	positive absolute	positive relative	positive participial	negative absolute	negative relative	negative participial
1st singular	ngiyothusa	engiyothusa	ngiyothusa	angiyuthusa	engingeyuthusa	ngingeyuthusa
2nd singular	uyothusa	oyothusa	uyothusa	awuyuthusa	ongeyuthusa	ungeyuthusa
1st plural	siyothusa	esiyothusa	siyothusa	asiyuthusa	esingeyuthusa	singeyuthusa
2nd plural	niyothusa	eniyothusa	niyothusa	aniyuthusa	eningeyuthusa	ningeyuthusa
class 1	uyothusa	oyothusa	eyothusa	akayuthusa	ongeyuthusa	engeyuthusa
class 2	bayothusa	abayothusa	beyothusa	abayuthusa	abangeyuthusa	bengeyuthusa
class 3	uyothusa	oyothusa	uyothusa	awuyuthusa	ongeyuthusa	ungeyuthusa
class 4	iyothusa	eyothusa	iyothusa	ayiyuthusa	engeyuthusa	ingeyuthusa
class 5	liyothusa	eliyothusa	liyothusa	aliyuthusa	elingeyuthusa	lingeyuthusa
class 6	ayothusa	ayothusa	eyothusa	awayuthusa	angeyuthusa	engeyuthusa
class 7	siyothusa	esiyothusa	siyothusa	asiyuthusa	esingeyuthusa	singeyuthusa
class 8	ziyothusa	eziyothusa	ziyothusa	aziyuthusa	ezingeyuthusa	zingeyuthusa
class 9	iyothusa	eyothusa	iyothusa	ayiyuthusa	engeyuthusa	ingeyuthusa
class 10	ziyothusa	eziyothusa	ziyothusa	aziyuthusa	ezingeyuthusa	zingeyuthusa
class 11	luyothusa	oluyothusa	luyothusa	aluyuthusa	olungeyuthusa	lungeyuthusa
class 14	buyothusa	obuyothusa	buyothusa	abuyuthusa	obungeyuthusa	bungeyuthusa
class 15	kuyothusa	okuyothusa	kuyothusa	akuyuthusa	okungeyuthusa	kungeyuthusa
class 17	kuyothusa	okuyothusa	kuyothusa	akuyuthusa	okungeyuthusa	kungeyuthusa
present subjunctive
	positive	negative
1st singular	ngithuse	ngingathusi
2nd singular	uthuse	ungathusi
1st plural	sithuse	singathusi
2nd plural	nithuse	ningathusi
class 1	athuse	angathusi
class 2	bathuse	bangathusi
class 3	uthuse	ungathusi
class 4	ithuse	ingathusi
class 5	lithuse	lingathusi
class 6	athuse	angathusi
class 7	sithuse	singathusi
class 8	zithuse	zingathusi
class 9	ithuse	ingathusi
class 10	zithuse	zingathusi
class 11	luthuse	lungathusi
class 14	buthuse	bungathusi
class 15	kuthuse	kungathusi
class 17	kuthuse	kungathusi
past subjunctive
	positive	negative
1st singular	ngathusa	ngangathusa, angathusa, angangathusa
2nd singular	wathusa	wangathusa, awathusa, awangathusa
1st plural	sathusa	sangathusa, asathusa, asangathusa
2nd plural	nathusa	nangathusa, anathusa, anangathusa
class 1	wathusa	wangathusa, akathusa, akangathusa
class 2	bathusa	bangathusa, abathusa, abangathusa
class 3	wathusa	wangathusa, awathusa, awangathusa
class 4	yathusa	yangathusa, ayathusa, ayangathusa
class 5	lathusa	langathusa, alathusa, alangathusa
class 6	athusa	angathusa, awathusa, awangathusa
class 7	sathusa	sangathusa, asathusa, asangathusa
class 8	zathusa	zangathusa, azathusa, azangathusa
class 9	yathusa	yangathusa, ayathusa, ayangathusa
class 10	zathusa	zangathusa, azathusa, azangathusa
class 11	lwathusa	lwangathusa, alwathusa, alwangathusa
class 14	bathusa	bangathusa, abathusa, abangathusa
class 15	kwathusa	kwangathusa, akwathusa, akwangathusa
class 17	kwathusa	kwangathusa, akwathusa, akwangathusa

References

• C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “thusa”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “thusa (3.9)”