懈怠

Chinese

		lax; negligent	idle; lazy; negligent idle; lazy; negligent; careless
trad. (懈怠)		懈	怠
simp. #(懈怠)		懈	怠

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): xièdài

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄝˋ ㄉㄞˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): haai⁶ toi⁵ / haai⁶ doi⁶
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hai-thai / hái-thái
• Southern Min (Teochew, Peng'im): hai⁶ dai⁶

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: xièdài
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄝˋ ㄉㄞˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: sièdài
    • Wade–Giles: hsieh⁴-tai⁴
    • Yale: syè-dài
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiehday
    • Palladius: седай (sedaj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ taɪ̯⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: haai⁶ toi⁵ / haai⁶ doi⁶
    • Yale: haaih tóih / haaih doih
    • Cantonese Pinyin: haai⁶ toi⁵ / haai⁶ doi⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: hai⁶ toi⁵ / hai⁶ doi⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /haːi̯²² tʰɔːi̯¹³/, /haːi̯²² tɔːi̯²²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hai-thai / hái-thái
    • Hakka Romanization System: hai tai / hai^ˋ tai^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: hai⁴ tai⁴ / hai³ tai³
    • Sinological IPA: /hai̯⁵⁵ tʰai̯⁵⁵/, /hai̯³¹ tʰai̯³¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: hai⁶ dai⁶
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hăi tăi
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hai³⁵⁻¹¹ tai³⁵/

Adjective

懈怠

1. slack; sluggish; remiss; lax

   紀律懈怠。／纪律懈怠。  ―  Jìlǜ xièdài.  ―  Discipline is lax.

Synonyms

edit

• 怠惰 (dàiduò)
• 慵懶／慵懒 (yōnglǎn) (literary)
• 懶／懒 (lǎn)
• 懶惰／懒惰 (lǎnduò)
• 懶散／懒散 (lǎnsǎn)
• 散漫
• 渙散／涣散 (huànsàn)
• 疏懶／疏懒 (shūlǎn)
• 疲倦 (píjuàn)
• 疲沓
• 荏𤺔／荏𪽴 (Xiamen Hokkien)
• 鬆懈／松懈 (sōngxiè)
• 鬆散／松散 (sōngsǎn)

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (懈怠):

• → Japanese: 懈(かい)怠(たい) (kaitai); 懈(け)怠(たい) (ketai); 懈(け)怠(だい) (kedai)

Japanese

Etymology 1

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:

懈怠 (Legal)

Wikipedia ^ja

English Wikipedia has an article on:

Laches (equity)

Wikipedia

English Wikipedia has an article on:

Negligence

Wikipedia

Kanji in this term
懈	怠
かい Hyōgai	たい Grade: S
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese compound 懈怠 (hɛ^X doi^X, literally “idle + negligent”). The kan'on, so likely a later borrowing.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) かいたい [kàítáí] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
• IPA^(key): [ka̠ita̠i]

Noun

懈(かい)怠(たい) • (kaitai) 

1. (law) laches: a kind of lapse wherein an opposing party has neglected to invoke its rights within a certain period of time
2. (civil law) negligence
3. laziness, idleness, carelessness

Usage notes

The Japanese Wikipedia article 懈怠 (法学) describing the legal laches and negligence senses uses the ketai reading. However, dictionaries tend to list kaitai as the primary reading for the legal senses.^[1][2]

Synonyms

• (negligence): 過失(かしつ) (kashitsu)
• (laziness): 怠慢(たいまん) (taiman)

Etymology 2

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:

懈怠 (Buddhism)

Wikipedia ^ja

English Wikipedia has an article on:

Kausidya (Buddhist spiritual slothfulness)

Wikipedia

Kanji in this term
懈	怠
け Hyōgai	たい Grade: S
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese compound 懈怠 (hɛ^X doi^X, literally “idle + negligent”). A mixed reading, so likely a later development within Japanese. Uses the goon of ke for the first half, and the kan'on of tai for the second half.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) けたい [kètáí] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
• IPA^(key): [ke̞ta̠i]

Noun

懈(け)怠(たい) • (ketai) 

1. laziness, idleness, carelessness
2. (law) laches: a kind of lapse wherein an opposing party has neglected to invoke its rights within a certain period of time
3. (civil law) negligence
4. (Buddhism) spiritual slothfulness: kausidya

Usage notes

The kedai reading below is more common for the Buddhist spiritual slothfulness sense.

Synonyms

• (laziness): 怠慢(たいまん) (taiman)

Verb

懈(け)怠(たい)する • (ketai suru) suru (stem 懈(け)怠(たい)し (ketai shi), past 懈(け)怠(たい)した (ketai shita))

1. to be lazy, to be careless

Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	懈怠し	けたいし	ketai shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	懈怠し	けたいし	ketai shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	懈怠する	けたいする	ketai suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	懈怠する	けたいする	ketai suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	懈怠すれ	けたいすれ	ketai sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	懈怠せよ¹ 懈怠しろ²	けたいせよ¹ けたいしろ²	ketai seyo¹ ketai shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	懈怠される	けたいされる	ketai sareru
Causative	懈怠させる 懈怠さす	けたいさせる けたいさす	ketai saseru ketai sasu
Potential	懈怠できる	けたいできる	ketai dekiru
Volitional	懈怠しよう	けたいしよう	ketai shiyō
Negative	懈怠しない	けたいしない	ketai shinai
Negative continuative	懈怠せず	けたいせず	ketai sezu
Formal	懈怠します	けたいします	ketai shimasu
Perfective	懈怠した	けたいした	ketai shita
Conjunctive	懈怠して	けたいして	ketai shite
Hypothetical conditional	懈怠すれば	けたいすれば	ketai sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Conjugation of "懈怠する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Synonyms

• (laziness): 怠慢(たいまん) (taiman)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
懈	怠
け Hyōgai	だい Grade: S
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese compound 懈怠 (hɛ^X doi^X, literally “idle + negligent”). The goon, so likely the original borrowing.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) けだい [kèdáí] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
• IPA^(key): [ke̞da̠i]

Noun

懈(け)怠(だい) • (kedai) 

1. (Buddhism) spiritual slothfulness: kausidya
2. laziness, idleness, carelessness

Usage notes

The ketai reading above is more common for the laziness sense.

References

1. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
2. Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN