ἀείρω

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

• αἴρω (aírō) — Attic, contracted
• ἀέρρω (aérrhō) — Aeolic

Etymology

From Proto-Hellenic *awéřřō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wér-ye-ti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wer- (“to raise?; to bind, enclose?”); the relation between the "raise" and "enclose" meanings, if any, is unclear, though Chantraine (DELG) appears to consider the latter a semantic specialization of the former.^[1][2] Potential cognates include Old Armenian գեր (ger, “above, hyper-”), Latin aperiō (“to open”), Proto-Balto-Slavic *wérˀtei (“to thrust, prod”), Sanskrit वृणोति (vṛṇoti, “to cover, ward off”), Albanian vjerr (“to hang, suspend”).

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /a.ěː.rɔː/ → /aˈi.ro/ → /aˈi.ro/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /a.ěː.rɔː/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /aˈi.ro/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /aˈi.ro/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /aˈi.ro/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /aˈi.ro/

Verb

ἀείρω • (aeírō) (Epic, Ionic, poetic)

1. (transitive) to lift up, raise, support
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 17.724
   • 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, Collected Works 116.7
   • 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 879
   • 360 BCE, Plato, Timaeus 90A
   • 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1270
   • 405 BCE, Aristophanes, The Frogs 1339
   • 415 BCE, Euripides, The Trojan Women 342
   • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, On Horsemanship 10.15
   • 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 496
   • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 795
   • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Fragments 110
   • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.90
   • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 7.1.23
   • 408 BCE – 334 BCE, Antiphanes Comicus, Ποίησ. 1.15
   • 386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Cratylus 425D
   • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 5.2.5
   • 460 BCE – 370 BCE, Hippocrates of Kos, On Airs, Waters, and Places 283
   • 446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Acharnians 565
   1. (of armies, ships, transitive) to get the fleet under sail
      • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.52
      • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.12
      • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 1255
2. (transitive) to bear, sustain
   • 472 BCE, Aeschylus, The Persians 547
   • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 80
3. (transitive) to raise up, exalt
   • 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 262
   • 472 BCE, Aeschylus, The Persians 164
   • 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 914
   • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.118
   • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.75
   • 467 BCE, Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 196
   • 424 BCE, Euripides, Hecuba 68
   • 349 BCE, Demosthenes, Second Olynthiac 8
   • 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 111
   • 300 BCE – 200 BCE, Septuagint, Genesis 45.23
   1. (transitive) to raise by words, praise, extol
      • 430 BCE, Euripides, Herakles' Children 322
      • 361 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Midias 71
4. (transitive) to lift and take away, remove
   • 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Eumenides 880
   • 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 578E
   • 458 BCE, Euripides, Electra 942
   • 342 BCE – 290 BCE, Menander, The Hair-Net 2
   • 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Problems 19.36
   1. (transitive, with genitive) to take away from
      • 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Eumenides 846
   2. (Koine, transitive) to take off, kill
      • 70 CE – 110 CE, The Gospel of Matthew 24:39
      • 125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian 23.18
5. (middle voice, transitive) to take up for oneself, to win, gain
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.3
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 9.124
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 9.303
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 22.253
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 14.130
   • 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Nemean Ode 7.87
   • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 75
   1. (transitive) to take upon oneself, undergo
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 20.247
      • 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Eumenides 167
      • 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 907
      • 480 BCE – 406 BCE, Euripides, Cyclops 473
      1. (transitive) to undertake, begin
         • 470 BCE, Aeschylus, The Suppliants 341
         • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.60
         • 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, Collected Works 136.44
         • 430 BCE, Euripides, Herakles' Children 986
         • 472 BCE, Aeschylus, The Persians 481
         • c. 440 BCE, Euripides, Rhesus 54
         • 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 247
   2. (transitive) to raise up
      • 406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 460
      • 424 BCE, Aristophanes, The Knights 546
      • 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1225
   3. (transitive) to take away
      • 413 BCE, Euripides, Iphigenia in Tauris 1201
6. (passive voice, intransitive) to hang

Inflection

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἀείρω	ἀείρεις	ἀείρει	ἀείρετον	ἀείρετον	ἀείρομεν	ἀείρετε	ἀείρουσῐ(ν)
	subjunctive	ἀείρω	ἀείρῃς	ἀείρῃ	ἀείρητον	ἀείρητον	ἀείρωμεν	ἀείρητε	ἀείρωσῐ(ν)
	optative	ἀείροιμῐ	ἀείροις	ἀείροι	ἀείροιτον	ἀειροίτην	ἀείροιμεν	ἀείροιτε	ἀείροιεν
	imperative		ἄειρε	ἀειρέτω	ἀείρετον	ἀειρέτων		ἀείρετε	ἀειρόντων
middle/ passive	indicative	ἀείρομαι	ἀείρῃ, ἀείρει	ἀείρεται	ἀείρεσθον	ἀείρεσθον	ἀειρόμεθᾰ	ἀείρεσθε	ἀείρονται
	subjunctive	ἀείρωμαι	ἀείρῃ	ἀείρηται	ἀείρησθον	ἀείρησθον	ἀειρώμεθᾰ	ἀείρησθε	ἀείρωνται
	optative	ἀειροίμην	ἀείροιο	ἀείροιτο	ἀείροισθον	ἀειροίσθην	ἀειροίμεθᾰ	ἀείροισθε	ἀείροιντο
	imperative		ἀείρου	ἀειρέσθω	ἀείρεσθον	ἀειρέσθων		ἀείρεσθε	ἀειρέσθων
		active				middle/passive
infinitive		ἀείρειν				ἀείρεσθαι
participle	m	ἀείρων				ἀειρόμενος
	f	ἀείρουσᾰ				ἀειρομένη
	n	ἀεῖρον				ἀειρόμενον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Present: ἀείρω, ἀείρομαι

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἤειρον	ἤειρες	ἤειρε(ν)	ἠείρετον	ἠειρέτην	ἠείρομεν	ἠείρετε	ἤειρον
middle/ passive	indicative	ἠειρόμην	ἠείρου	ἠείρετο	ἠείρεσθον	ἠειρέσθην	ἠειρόμεθᾰ	ἠείρεσθε	ἠείροντο
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Imperfect: ἤειρον, ἠειρόμην

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἄειρον	ἄειρες	ἄειρε(ν)	ἀείρετον	ἀειρέτην	ἀείρομεν	ἀείρετε	ἄειρον
middle/ passive	indicative	ἀειρόμην	ἀείρου	ἀείρετο	ἀείρεσθον	ἀειρέσθην	ἀειρόμεθᾰ	ἀείρεσθε	ἀείροντο
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Imperfect: ἄειρον, ἀειρόμην

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἀρέω	ἀρέεις	ἀρέει	ἀρέετον	ἀρέετον	ἀρέομεν	ἀρέετε	ἀρέουσῐ(ν)
	optative	ἀρέοιμῐ	ἀρέοις	ἀρέοι	ἀρέοιτον	ἀρεοίτην	ἀρέοιμεν	ἀρέοιτε	ἀρέοιεν
middle	indicative	ἀρέομαι	ἀρέῃ, ἀρέει	ἀρέεται	ἀρέεσθον	ἀρέεσθον	ἀρεόμεθᾰ	ἀρέεσθε	ἀρέονται
	optative	ἀρεοίμην	ἀρέοιο	ἀρέοιτο	ἀρέοισθον	ἀρεοίσθην	ἀρεοίμεθᾰ	ἀρέοισθε	ἀρέοιντο
passive	indicative	ἀρθήσομαι	ἀρθήσῃ	ἀρθήσεται	ἀρθήσεσθον	ἀρθήσεσθον	ἀρθησόμεθᾰ	ἀρθήσεσθε	ἀρθήσονται
	optative	ἀρθησοίμην	ἀρθήσοιο	ἀρθήσοιτο	ἀρθήσοισθον	ἀρθησοίσθην	ἀρθησοίμεθᾰ	ἀρθήσοισθε	ἀρθήσοιντο
		active			middle		passive
infinitive		ἀρέειν			ἀρέεσθαι		ἀρθήσεσθαι
participle	m	ἀρέων			ἀρεόμενος		ἀρθησόμενος
	f	ἀρέουσᾰ			ἀρεομένη		ἀρθησομένη
	n	ἀρέον			ἀρεόμενον		ἀρθησόμενον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Future: ἀρέω, ἀρέομαι, ἀρθήσομαι (Uncontracted)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἀρῶ	ἀρεῖς	ἀρεῖ	ἀρεῖτον	ἀρεῖτον	ἀροῦμεν	ἀρεῖτε	ἀροῦσῐ(ν)
	optative	ἀροίην, ἀροῖμῐ	ἀροίης, ἀροῖς	ἀροίη, ἀροῖ	ἀροῖτον, ἀροίητον	ἀροίτην, ἀροιήτην	ἀροῖμεν, ἀροίημεν	ἀροῖτε, ἀροίητε	ἀροῖεν, ἀροίησᾰν
middle	indicative	ἀροῦμαι	ἀρῇ	ἀρεῖται	ἀρεῖσθον	ἀρεῖσθον	ἀρούμεθᾰ	ἀρεῖσθε	ἀροῦνται
	optative	ἀροίμην	ἀροῖο	ἀροῖτο	ἀροῖσθον	ἀροίσθην	ἀροίμεθᾰ	ἀροῖσθε	ἀροῖντο
passive	indicative	ἀρθήσομαι	ἀρθήσῃ	ἀρθήσεται	ἀρθήσεσθον	ἀρθήσεσθον	ἀρθησόμεθᾰ	ἀρθήσεσθε	ἀρθήσονται
	optative	ἀρθησοίμην	ἀρθήσοιο	ἀρθήσοιτο	ἀρθήσοισθον	ἀρθησοίσθην	ἀρθησοίμεθᾰ	ἀρθήσοισθε	ἀρθήσοιντο
		active			middle		passive
infinitive		ἀρεῖν			ἀρεῖσθαι		ἀρθήσεσθαι
participle	m	ἀρῶν			ἀρούμενος		ἀρθησόμενος
	f	ἀροῦσᾰ			ἀρουμένη		ἀρθησομένη
	n	ἀροῦν			ἀρούμενον		ἀρθησόμενον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Future: ἀρῶ, ἀροῦμαι, ἀρθήσομαι (Contracted)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἤειρᾰ	ἤειρᾰς	ἤειρε(ν)	ἠείρᾰτον	ἠειρᾰ́την	ἠείρᾰμεν	ἠείρᾰτε	ἤειρᾰν
	subjunctive	ἀείρω	ἀείρῃς	ἀείρῃ	ἀείρητον	ἀείρητον	ἀείρωμεν	ἀείρητε	ἀείρωσῐ(ν)
	optative	ἀείραιμῐ	ἀείρειᾰς, ἀείραις	ἀείρειε(ν), ἀείραι	ἀείραιτον	ἀειραίτην	ἀείραιμεν	ἀείραιτε	ἀείρειᾰν, ἀείραιεν
	imperative		ἄειρον	ἀειρᾰ́τω	ἀείρᾰτον	ἀειρᾰ́των		ἀείρᾰτε	ἀειρᾰ́ντων
middle	indicative	ἠειρᾰ́μην	ἠείρω	ἠείρᾰτο	ἠείρᾰσθον	ἠειρᾰ́σθην	ἠειρᾰ́μεθᾰ	ἠείρᾰσθε	ἠείρᾰντο
	subjunctive	ἀείρωμαι	ἀείρῃ	ἀείρηται	ἀείρησθον	ἀείρησθον	ἀειρώμεθᾰ	ἀείρησθε	ἀείρωνται
	optative	ἀειραίμην	ἀείραιο	ἀείραιτο	ἀείραισθον	ἀειραίσθην	ἀειραίμεθᾰ	ἀείραισθε	ἀείραιντο
	imperative		ἄειραι	ἀειρᾰ́σθω	ἀείρᾰσθον	ἀειρᾰ́σθων		ἀείρᾰσθε	ἀειρᾰ́σθων
passive	indicative	ἠέρθην	ἠέρθης	ἠέρθη	ἠέρθητον	ἠερθήτην	ἠέρθημεν	ἠέρθητε	ἠέρθησᾰν
	subjunctive	ἀερθῶ	ἀερθῇς	ἀερθῇ	ἀερθῆτον	ἀερθῆτον	ἀερθῶμεν	ἀερθῆτε	ἀερθῶσῐ(ν)
	optative	ἀερθείην	ἀερθείης	ἀερθείη	ἀερθεῖτον, ἀερθείητον	ἀερθείτην, ἀερθειήτην	ἀερθεῖμεν, ἀερθείημεν	ἀερθεῖτε, ἀερθείητε	ἀερθεῖεν, ἀερθείησᾰν
	imperative		ἀέρθητῐ	ἀερθήτω	ἀέρθητον	ἀερθήτων		ἀέρθητε	ἀερθέντων
		active			middle		passive
infinitive		ἀεῖραι			ἀείρᾰσθαι		ἀερθῆναι
participle	m	ἀείρᾱς			ἀειρᾰ́μενος		ἀερθείς
	f	ἀείρᾱσᾰ			ἀειρᾰμένη		ἀερθεῖσᾰ
	n	ἀεῖρᾰν			ἀειρᾰ́μενον		ἀερθέν
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Aorist: ἤειρᾰ, ἠειρᾰ́μην, ἠέρθην

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἄειρᾰ	ἄειρᾰς	ἄειρε(ν)	ἀείρᾰτον	ἀειρᾰ́την	ἀείρᾰμεν	ἀείρᾰτε	ἄειρᾰν
	subjunctive	ἀείρω, ἀείρωμῐ	ἀείρῃς, ἀείρῃσθᾰ	ἀείρῃ, ἀείρῃσῐ	ἀείρητον	ἀείρητον	ἀείρωμεν	ἀείρητε	ἀείρωσῐ(ν)
	optative	ἀείραιμῐ	ἀείραις, ἀείραισθᾰ, ἀείρειᾰς	ἀείρειε(ν), ἀείραι	ἀειρεῖτον	ἀειρείτην	ἀειρεῖμεν	ἀειρεῖτε	ἀειρεῖεν
	imperative		ἄειρον	ἀειρᾰ́τω	ἀείρᾰτον	ἀειρᾰ́των		ἀείρᾰτε	ἀειρᾰ́ντων
middle	indicative	ἀειρᾰ́μην	ἀείρᾰο	ἀείρᾰτο	ἀείρᾰσθον	ἀειρᾰ́σθην	ἀειρᾰ́με(σ)θᾰ	ἀείρᾰσθε	ἀείρᾰντο
	subjunctive	ἀείρωμαι	ἀείρηαι	ἀείρηται	ἀείρησθον	ἀείρησθον	ἀειρώμε(σ)θᾰ	ἀείρησθε	ἀείρωνται
	optative	ἀειραίμην	ἀείραιο	ἀείραιτο	ἀείραισθον	ἀειραίσθην	ἀειραίμε(σ)θᾰ	ἀείραισθε	ἀειραίᾰτο
	imperative		ἄειραι	ἀειρᾰ́σθω	ἀείρᾰσθον	ἀειρᾰ́σθων		ἀείρᾰσθε	ἀειρᾰ́σθων
passive	indicative	ἀέρθην	ἀέρθης	ἀέρθη	ἀέρθητον	ἀερθήτην	ἀέρθημεν	ἀέρθητε	ἀέρθησᾰν, ἄερθεν
	subjunctive	ἀερθῶ	ἀερθῇς	ἀερθῇ	ἀερθῆτον	ἀερθῆτον	ἀερθῶμεν	ἀερθῆτε	ἀερθῶσῐ(ν)
	optative	ἀερθείην	ἀερθείης	ἀερθείη	ἀερθεῖτον, ἀερθείητον	ἀερθείτην, ἀερθειήτην	ἀερθεῖμεν, ἀερθείημεν	ἀερθεῖτε, ἀερθείητε	ἀέρθειεν, ἀερθείησᾰν
	imperative		ἀέρθητῐ	ἀερθήτω	ἀέρθητον	ἀερθήτων		ἀέρθητε	ἀερθέντων
		active			middle		passive
infinitive		ἀεῖραι/ἀειρᾰ́μεν/ἀειρᾰμέναι			ἀείρᾰσθαι		ἀερθῆναι/ἀερθήμεναι
participle	m	ἀείρᾱς			ἀειρᾰ́μενος		ἀερθείς
	f	ἀείρᾱσᾰ			ἀειρᾰμένη		ἀερθεῖσᾰ
	n	ἀεῖρᾰν			ἀειρᾰ́μενον		ἀερθέν
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Aorist: ἄειρᾰ, ἀειρᾰ́μην, ἀέρθην (Epic)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἦρκᾰ	ἦρκᾰς	ἦρκε(ν)	ἤρκᾰτον	ἤρκᾰτον	ἤρκᾰμεν	ἤρκᾰτε	ἤρκᾱσῐ(ν)
	subjunctive	ἤρκω	ἤρκῃς	ἤρκῃ	ἤρκητον	ἤρκητον	ἤρκωμεν	ἤρκητε	ἤρκωσῐ(ν)
	optative	ἤρκοιμῐ, ἠρκοίην	ἤρκοις, ἠρκοίης	ἤρκοι, ἠρκοίη	ἤρκοιτον	ἠρκοίτην	ἤρκοιμεν	ἤρκοιτε	ἤρκοιεν
	imperative		ἦρκε	ἠρκέτω	ἤρκετον	ἠρκέτων		ἤρκετε	ἠρκόντων
middle/ passive	indicative	ἤερμαι	ἤερσαι	ἤερται	ἤερθον	ἤερθον	ἠέρμεθᾰ	ἤερθε	ἠέρᾰται
	subjunctive	ἠερμένος ὦ	ἠερμένος ᾖς	ἠερμένος ᾖ	ἠερμένω ἦτον	ἠερμένω ἦτον	ἠερμένοι ὦμεν	ἠερμένοι ἦτε	ἠερμένοι ὦσῐ(ν)
	optative	ἠερμένος εἴην	ἠερμένος εἴης	ἠερμένος εἴη	ἠερμένω εἴητον/εἶτον	ἠερμένω εἰήτην/εἴτην	ἠερμένοι εἴημεν/εἶμεν	ἠερμένοι εἴητε/εἶτε	ἠερμένοι εἴησᾰν/εἶεν
	imperative		ἤερσο	ἠέρθω	ἤερθον	ἠέρθων		ἤερθε	ἠέρθων
		active				middle/passive
infinitive		ἠρκέναι				ἠέρθαι
participle	m	ἠρκώς				ἠερμένος
	f	ἠρκυῖᾰ				ἠερμένη
	n	ἠρκός				ἠερμένον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Perfect: ἦρκᾰ, ἤερμαι

Derived terms

• ἀναείρω (anaeírō)
• ἄορ (áor)
• ἀορτή (aortḗ)
• ἀορτηθείς (aortētheís)
• ἀορτήρ (aortḗr)
• ᾰ̓́ρσῐς (ắrsĭs)
• ἀρτηρία (artēría)
• μετέωρος (metéōros)

References

1. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἀείρω 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 23-4
2. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἀείρω 2”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 24

Further reading

• “ἀείρω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “ἀείρω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “ἀείρω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
• ἀείρω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• ἀείρω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
• ἀείρω in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2025)
• “ἀείρω”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
• William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “meteor”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.
• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
• Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1150