Etymology 1
From Middle Persian BNPŠE, 𐭡𐭭𐭯𐭱𐭤 (xwad), from Old Persian *hvatah. Related to خدا (xodâ, “God”).
Pronunciation
More information Readings, Classical reading? ...
Readings |
Classical reading? |
xwaḏ |
Dari reading? |
xud |
Iranian reading? |
xod |
Tajik reading? |
xud |
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Noun
More information Dari, Iranian Persian ...
Dari |
خود |
Iranian Persian |
Tajik |
худ |
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خود • (xod)
- self, the self
Pronoun
More information Dari, Iranian Persian ...
Dari |
خود |
Iranian Persian |
Tajik |
худ |
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خود • (xod)
- (reflexive pronoun) self, -self
- Synonym: خویش (xiš, literary)
c. 1260, Rumi, The Masnavi:حمله بر خود میکنی ای ساده مرد، همچو آن شیری که بر خود حمله کرد.- hamle bar xod mi-koni ey sâde mard, hamčo ân šir-i ke bar xod hamle kard.
- You are attacking yourself, o simple man, like that lion who attacked himself.
2009, Shadmehr Aghili (lyrics and music), “تقدیر (taqdir)”:تو با خودت هم دشمنی.- to bâ xod-et ham došman-i.
- You are an enemy even with yourself.
- (emphatic) one's own (in possessive constructions)
- Synonym: خویش (xiš, literary)
مادر خود را نمیشناسی؟ (More literary)- mâdar-e xod-râ ne-mi-šenâsi?
مادر خودت رو نمیشناسی؟ (More colloquial)- mâdar-e xod-et-o ne-mi-šnâsi?
- Don’t you recognize your own mother?
Usage notes
خود (xod) can occur both in isolation and before a suffixed pronominal clitic such as ـم (-am, “my”), ـت (-at, et, “your”), and ـش (-aš, -eš, “his/her”). In isolation, it serves as a general reflexive pronoun for any subject:
خود را دیدم- xod-râ didam
- I saw [my]self
خود را دیدی- xod-râ didi
- you saw [your]self
The pronominal clitics specify the pronoun:
خودم را دیدم- xod-am-râ didam
- I saw myself
خودت را دیدی- xod-at-râ didi
- you saw yourself
In colloquial Persian, the suffixed forms are almost always used.
Descendants
- → Assamese: খোদ (khüd)
- → Armenian: Խոդ (Xod)
- → Bengali: খোদ (khōd)
- → Gujarati: ખુદ (khud)
- → Hindustani:
- Hindi: ख़ुद (xud)
- Urdu: خود (xud)
- → Marathi: खुद्द (khudda)
- → Punjabi:
- Gurmukhi script: ਖ਼ੁਦ (xud)
- Shahmukhi script: خود (xod)
Etymology 2
From Middle Persian xwd (xōd, “helm”), borrowed from Parthian xwwd (*xōδ, “helmet”), from Old Iranian, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kadʰ- (“to guard, cover, care for, protect”). The Parthian word is cognate with Old Persian 𐎧𐎢𐎭𐎠 (xaudā-, “hat”), Avestan 𐬑𐬀𐬊𐬜𐬀 (xaoδa, “helmet”), Ossetian худ (xud, “hat”), English hat, hood, etc. The inherited form of the Persian is خوی (xoy). Akin to Old Armenian խոյր (xoyr), արտախոյր (artaxoyr), Georgian ხვირი (xviri), Arabic خُوذَة (ḵūḏa), Iranian borrowings.
Pronunciation
More information Readings, Classical reading? ...
Readings |
Classical reading? |
xōḏ |
Dari reading? |
xōd |
Iranian reading? |
xud |
Tajik reading? |
xüd |
Close
Noun
More information Dari, Iranian Persian ...
Dari |
خود |
Iranian Persian |
Tajik |
хӯд |
Close
خود • (xud) (plural خودها (xud-hâ))
- a helmet
- Synonym: ترگ (targ)
Descendants
- → Punjabi:
- Gurmukhi script: ਖੋਦ (khod)
- Shahmukhi script: خود (xod)
References
- Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1971–1979) “խոյր”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, Yerevan: University Press