ял

See also: Appendix:Variations of "jal"

Bashkir

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [jɑɫ]
• Hyphenation: ял (one syllable)

Etymology 1

Cognate with Tatar ял (yal, “rest”), Kumyk ял (yal, “rest”).

Noun

ял • (yal)

1. rest

   Ял көнө.

   Yal könö.

   A day off.

2. respite, break

   Төшкө ял.

   Töşkö yal.

   Lunch break.

3. recreation

   Беренсенән, Өфө алыҫ түгел, икенсенән, һеҙҙә тәбиғәт матур, ул ял индустрияһын үҫтереү өсөн мөмкинлек бирә.

   Berensenən, Öfö alıś tügel, ikensenən, heźźə təbiğət matur, ul yal industriyahın üśterew ösön mömkinlek birə.

   Firstly, Ufa is not far, secondly, the nature is beautiful at your place, it creates an opportunity to develop the recreation industry.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Turkic *yāl (“mane”).

Cognate with Old Uyghur [script needed] (jal, “mane”); Kazakh, Kyrgyz жал (jal), Uzbek yol, Uyghur يال (yal), Turkmen ýal, Azerbaijani yal (“mane”), etc.

Noun

ял • (yal)

1. mane

Declension

	singular only
absolute	ял (yal)
definite genitive	ялдың (yaldıñ)
dative	ялға (yalğa)
definite accusative	ялды (yaldı)
locative	ялда (yalda)
ablative	ялдан (yaldan)

Inflection of ял (yal)

Bulgarian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ja̟ɫ]

Participle

ял • (jal)

1. indefinite masculine singular past active aorist participle of ям (jam)

Chuvash

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *āgïl.^[1][2] Cognate with Kazakh ауыл (auyl), Karakalpak аўыл (awıl), Karachay-Balkar ауул (awul), Tatar авыл (awıl), Kyrgyz айыл (ayıl), Khakas, Shor аал (aal) and Turkish ağıl, etc.

Noun

ял • (jal)

1. village

Descendants

• → Eastern Mari: ял (jal)

Etymology 2

From Volga Bulgar يال (yēl),^[3] Proto-Turkic *ēl.

Noun

ял • (jal)

1. people
2. society

References

1. Sevortjan, E. V. (1974) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Nauka, page 84
2. Tenišev E. R., editor (1984–2006), Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages:] (in Russian), Moscow: Nauka, page 22
3. Tekin, Talât (1988) Volga Bulgar kitabeleri ve Volga Bulgarcası [Volga Bulgarian Ephitaphs and Volga Bulgarian Language]‎ (in Turkish), Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, →ISBN, pages 190-191

• Fedotov, M. R. (1996) “ял”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ čuvašskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Chuvash Language] (in Russian), volume II, Cheboksary: Chuvash State Institute of Humanities, pages 497-498
• Jegorov, V. G. (1964) “ял”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ čuvašskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Chuvash Language] (in Russian), Cheboksary: Čuvašskoje knižnoje izdatelʹstvo, page 352

Further reading

• “ял”, in Электронлă сăмахсар‎ (overall work in Russian and Chuvash), 1996.

Eastern Mari

Etymology

Borrowed from Chuvash ял (jal).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /jɑl/
• Rhymes: -ɑl
• Hyphenation: ял

Noun

ял • (jal)

1. village

   марий ял

   marij jal

   Mari village

2. countryside, country
3. villagers

Declension

Declension of ял
	singular	plural
nominative	ял (jal)	ял-влак (jal-vlak)
accusative	ялым (jalym)	ял-влакым (jal-vlakym)
genitive	ялын (jalyn)	ял-влакын (jal-vlakyn)
dative	яллан (jallan)	ял-влаклан (jal-vlaklan)
comitative	ялге (jalge)	ял-влакге (jal-vlakge)
comparative	ялла (jalla)	ял-влакла (jal-vlakla)
inessive	ялыште (jalyšte)	ял-влакыште (jal-vlakyšte)
illative (short)	ялыш (jalyš)	ял-влакыш (jal-vlakyš)
illative (long)	ялышке (jalyške)	ял-влакышке (jal-vlakyške)
lative	ялеш (jaĺeš)	ял-влакеш (jal-vlakeš)

Possessed forms of ял
	singular	plural
1st person	ялем (jaĺem)	ялна (jalna)
2nd person	ялет (jaĺet)	ялда (jalda)
3rd person	ялже (jalže)	ялышт (jalyšt)

References

• J. Bradley et al. (2023) “ял”, in The Mari Web Project: Mari-English Dictionary, University of Vienna

Mongolian

Mongolian	Cyrillic
ᠶᠠᠯ᠎ᠠ (yal-a)	ял (jal)

Etymology

From Common Turkic *yala (“suspicion, slander”), compare Kazakh жала (jala).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈjaɮ/
• Syllabification: ял (1 syllable)

Noun

ял • (jal); (regular declension)

1. sentence (punishment imposed for a crime)

   Synonym: шийтгэл (šiitgel)

Derived terms

• яллах (jallax, “to sentence”)
• ялтан (jaltan, “the accused, defendant, convict”)
• ялагдах (jalagdax, “to lose”)

Nogai

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *yāl.

Noun

ял • (yal)

1. mane

References

• N. A. Baskakov, S.A Kalmykov, editor (1963), “ял”, in Nogajsko-Russkij Slovarʹ [Nogai-Russian Dictionary], Moscow: karačajevo-čerkesskij naučno- issledovatelʹskij institut jazyka, literatury i istorii, →ISBN

Russian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [jaɫ]

Verb

ял • (jal)

1. masculine singular past indicative perfective of ять (jatʹ)

Western Mari

Etymology

From Proto-Mari *jål, from Proto-Uralic *jalka. Cognates include Eastern Mari йол (jol).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈjɑl/
• Rhymes: -ɑl
• Hyphenation: ял

Noun

ял • (jal)

1. (anatomy) foot
2. (anatomy) leg

Declension

Declension of ял
	singular	plural
nominative	ял (jal)	ялвлӓ (jalvlä)
accusative	ялым (jalym)	ялвлӓм (jalvläm)
genitive	ялын (jalyn)	ялвлӓн (jalvlän)
dative	яллан (jallan)	ялвлӓге (jalvläge)
comitative	ялге (jalge)	ялвлӓлӓн (jalvlälän)
comparative	ялла (jalla)	ялвлӓлӓ (jalvlälä)
inessive	ялышты (jalyšty)	ялвлӓштӹ (jalvläštÿ)
illative (short)	ялыш (jalyš)	ялвлӓш (jalvläš)
illative (long)	ялышкы (jalyšky)	ялвлӓшкӹ (jalvläškÿ)
lative	ялеш (jaĺeš)	ялвлӓэш (jalvläeš)

References

• Savatkova, A. A. (2008) “ял”, in Slovarʹ gornomarijskovo jazyka [Hill Mari language dictionary] (in Russian), Yoshkar-Ola: Mari publisher, →ISBN
• K. I. Belyaev & P. P. Romashkin (1944) “нога”, in Русско-Марийский Словарь [Russian-Mari Dictionary] (overall work in Russian), Kozmodemyansk: Маргосиздатын Кырык-Мары Филиал, page 192
• K. G. Yuadarov (1979) “нога”, in Русско-марийский словарь: для учащихся горномарийских средних школ [Russian-Mari Dictionary: for students of Hill-Mari secondary schools] (overall work in Russian), Yoshkar-Ola: Марийское Книжное Издательство, →OCLC, page 61