σκανδαλον

Ancient Greek

Etymology

Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *skend- (“to jump”), and compared with Latin scandō (“to ascend”), Sanskrit स्कन्दति (skandati, “to jump, hop, hurry”). The original sense, per Beekes, was probably "a piece of wood hanging on ropes, used by acrobats as well as trap-setters"; under the Indo-European theory, the term would thus be interpreted as "wood for jumping or climbing". Beekes is unconvinced by the semantics, as well as the unexplained -α- (-a-) in the Greek form, and prefers to take it as Pre-Greek, though admits the possibility of a loan from some other lost Indo-European language, perhaps from the root *skend- mentioned above.^[1]

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /skán.da.lon/ → /ˈskan.da.lon/ → /ˈskan.da.lon/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /skán.da.lon/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈskan.da.lon/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈskan.da.lon/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈskan.da.lon/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈskan.da.lon/

Noun

σκᾰ́νδᾰλον • (skándalon) n (genitive σκᾰνδᾰ́λου); second declension

1. trap, snare
2. enticement, temptation
3. offense, scandal
4. stumbling block

Inflection

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	τὸ σκᾰ́νδᾰλον tò skándalon	τὼ σκᾰνδᾰ́λω tṑ skandálō	τᾰ̀ σκᾰ́νδᾰλᾰ tà skándala
Genitive	τοῦ σκᾰνδᾰ́λου toû skandálou	τοῖν σκᾰνδᾰ́λοιν toîn skandáloin	τῶν σκᾰνδᾰ́λων tôn skandálōn
Dative	τῷ σκᾰνδᾰ́λῳ tôi skandálōi	τοῖν σκᾰνδᾰ́λοιν toîn skandáloin	τοῖς σκᾰνδᾰ́λοις toîs skandálois
Accusative	τὸ σκᾰ́νδᾰλον tò skándalon	τὼ σκᾰνδᾰ́λω tṑ skandálō	τᾰ̀ σκᾰ́νδᾰλᾰ tà skándala
Vocative	σκᾰ́νδᾰλον skándalon	σκᾰνδᾰ́λω skandálō	σκᾰ́νδᾰλᾰ skándala
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Second declension of τὸ σκᾰ́νδᾰλον; τοῦ σκᾰνδᾰ́λου (Attic)

Derived terms

• σκᾰνδᾰ́ληθρον (skandálēthron)
• σκᾰνδᾰλῐ́ζω (skandalízō)

 

Descendants

• Greek: σκάνδαλο (skándalo)
• → Latin: scandalum
  • Catalan: escàndol
  • → French: scandale
    • → Belarusian: сканда́л (skandál)
    • → Bulgarian: сканда́л (skandál)
    • → Czech: skandál
    • → Danish: skandale
    • → Dutch: schandaal
      • → Indonesian: skandal
    • → English: scandal
      • → Japanese: スキャンダル (sukyandaru)
      • → Korean: 스캔들 (seukaendeul)
    • → Esperanto: skandalo
    • → Estonian: skandaal
    • → Finnish: skandaali
    • → German: Skandal
    • → Persian: اسکاندال (eskândâl)
    • → Polish: skandal
    • → Russian: сканда́л (skandál)
    • → Serbo-Croatian: skandal
    • → Slovak: škandál
    • → Swedish: skandal
    • → Turkish: skandal
    • → Ukrainian: сканда́л (skandál)
  • → Galician: escándalo
  • Italian: scandalo
  • → Norman: escandale
  • Old French: esclandre
    • → Middle English: slandre
      • English: slander
    • French: esclandre
      • → English: esclandre
    • Norman: esclandre
  • → Portuguese: escândalo
  • Romanian: scandal
  • Sicilian: scànnalu
  • Spanish: escándalo
  • Vulgar Latin: *scandulum^[2]
    • → Albanian: shkandull

References

1. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “σκάνδαλον”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1341-2
2. Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “shkandull”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 417

Further reading

• “σκάνδαλον”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• σκάνδαλον in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
• G4625 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
• “σκάνδαλον”, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011