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Hybrid citrus fruit From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A clementine (Citrus × clementina) is a tangor, a citrus fruit hybrid between a willowleaf mandarin orange (C. × deliciosa) and a sweet orange (C. × sinensis),[1][2][3] named in honor of Clément Rodier, a French missionary who first discovered and propagated the cultivar in Algeria.[4] The exterior is a deep orange colour with a smooth, glossy appearance. Clementines can be separated into 7 to 14 segments. Similar to tangerines, they tend to be easy to peel. They are typically juicy and sweet, with less acid than oranges.[4] Their oils, like other citrus fruits, contain mostly limonene as well as myrcene, linalool, α-pinene and many complex aromatics.[5]
Clementine | |
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![]() Five clementines: whole, peeled, halved and sectioned | |
Species | Citrus × clementina |
Hybrid parentage | Mandarin orange × sweet orange |
Origin | Algeria |
The clementine is a spontaneous citrus hybrid that arose in the late 19th century in Misserghin, Algeria, in the garden of the orphanage of the French Missionary Brother Clément Rodier, for whom it would be formally named in 1902.[6][7][8] Some sources have attributed an earlier origin for the hybrid, pointing to similar fruit native to the provinces of Guangxi and Guangdong in present-day China,[9] but these are likely distinct mandarin hybrids,[10] and genomic analysis of the clementine has shown it to have arisen from a cross between a sweet orange (Citrus × sinensis) and the Mediterranean willowleaf mandarin (Citrus × deliciosa), consistent with Algerian origin.[1][2]
There are three types of clementines: seedless clementines, clementines (maximum of 10 seeds), and Monreal (more than 10 seeds). Clementines resemble other citrus varieties such as the satsuma and tangerines.[11]
Clementines differ from other citrus in having lower heat requirement, which means the tolerance to fruit maturity and sensitivity to unfavorable conditions during the flowering and fruit-setting period is higher. However, in regions of high total heat, the Clementine bears fruit early; only slightly later than satsuma mandarins. These regions such as North Africa, Mediterranean basin, and California, also favor maximizing the Clementine size and quality.[12][page needed][failed verification]
It was introduced into California commercial agriculture in 1914, though it was grown at the Citrus Research Center (now part of the University of California, Riverside) as early as 1909.[12] Clementines lose their desirable seedless characteristic when they are cross-pollinated with other fruit. In 2006, to prevent this, growers such as Paramount Citrus in California threatened to sue local beekeepers to keep bees away from their crops.[13]
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy | 198 kJ (47 kcal) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
12.02 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sugars | 9.18 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dietary fiber | 1.7 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
0.15 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
0.85 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other constituents | Quantity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Water | 86.58 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Entry in USDA Database | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[19] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[20] |
A clementine contains 87% water, 12% carbohydrates, and negligible amounts of fat and protein (table). Among micronutrients, only vitamin C is in significant content (59% of the Daily Value) in a 100 gram reference serving, with all other nutrients in low amounts.[citation needed]
A 2017 study indicated that clementine phytochemicals may interact with drugs in a manner similar to those of grapefruit.[21] A follow-up study in 2019, however, has called these results into question. [22]
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