Zakhar Chernyshev

Zakhar Grigoryevich Chernyshev (Russian: Захаръ Григорьевичь Чернышевъ; 1722 – 31 August 1784) was a Russian noble, courtier to Catherine the Great, Imperial Russian Army officer, and Imperial Russian politician in the 18th century.

Count Zakhar Chernyshev
Захаръ Чернышевъ
Oil portrait of Chernyshev (1776 by Alexander Roslin)
Born	Zakhar Grigoryevich Chernyshev 1722 (1722)
Died	31 August 1784(1784-08-31) (aged 61–62) Moscow, Russian Empire
Awards	Order of Saint Vladimir
Military career
Allegiance	Russian Empire
Service	Imperial Russian Army
Years	1735–1764
Rank	General field marshal
Conflicts	Seven Years' War Battle of Kolín Battle of Zorndorf Occupation of Berlin
Awards	Order of St. Andrew
Mayor of Moscow
In office 1782–1784
Monarch	Catherine II of Russia
Governor-general of Pskov and Mogilev Governorates
In office 28 May 1772 – 1782
Monarch	Catherine II of Russia
President of the College of War
In office 4 March 1764 – August 1774
Monarch	Catherine II of Russia

After made a courtier to then-Princess Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst in 1744, Chernyshev remained a favorite of the future Russian monarch into the 1770s. An Imperial Russian Army officer during the Seven Years' War, Chernyshev retired in 1764, and would be ultimately promoted to general field marshal by Catherine II. At her appointment, Chernyshev led the College of War from 1764 to 1774, served as her governor-general of the Pskov and Mogilev Governorates, and was the mayor of Moscow until his death.

Personal life

Born a Russian count in 1722, Zakhar Grigoryevich Chernyshev (Russian: Захаръ Григорьевичь Чернышевъ)^[1] was the older brother of Ivan^[2] and Andrei Chernyshev.^[3] By 1744, Chernyshev spoke Russian, French, and German.^[4]

When Princess Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst was betrothed to Peter III of Russia in 1744, Chernyshev was chosen by Empress Elizabeth of Russia as one of three nobles to join the princess' personal court as a gentleman of the chamber.^[4] In 1745, Chernyshev's mother begged Empress Elizabeth to send her son away because she feared his infatuation with the Grand Duchess Catherine Alekseievna of Russia; Chernyshev was given a diplomatic assignment.^[3] When he returned to Saint Petersburg six years later, Chernyshev began actively courting the then-grand duchess: flattering Catherine, sending love letters, and finding occasion to recreate with the royal.^[4]

Chernyshev died unexpectedly on 31 August 1784^[5] in Moscow.^[1]

Military

Ranks held
Year	Name	Insignia
1741	Kapitan
1750	Polkovnik
1750	General-major
by 1762	General
1773	General-feldmarshal

At the age of 13, Chernyshev joined the Imperial Russian Army in 1735, and was promoted to kapitan in 1741.^[1] In 1748, he was assigned to a regiment in Moscow,^[6] and in 1750, he was promoted to the ranks of polkovnik^[7] and general-major.^[1]

As an Imperial Russian general officer, Chernyshev commanded soldiers in the Seven Years' War. In 1757, he was at the Battle of Kolín, and in 1758, he joined forces with the Austrian army. For his leadership in the 1758 Battle of Zorndorf and the 1760 occupation of Berlin—capital of the Kingdom of Prussia, Chernyshev was awarded the Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky.^[1] In early 1762, then-General Chernyshev commanded a Russian corps of 16,000 infantry in Silesia that was attached to the Austrian army, fighting the Prussian kingdom. With the 1762 Treaty of Saint Petersburg, Peter III withdrew from the war and instead threw Russia's lot in with Prussia.^[8] Chernyshev was given command of the Russian forces now attached to the Prussian Army, and the Prussian monarch (Frederick the Great) awarded him the Order of the Black Eagle.^[1] When Emperor Peter III was replaced by Empress Catherine II later that year on 28 June, one of her first orders was to Chernyshev: immediately return to Russia with his corps, and if King Frederick interfered, "join the nearest army corps of her Imperial Roman Majesty, the empress of Austria [Maria Theresa]."^[9] Upon this change in alliances, Catherine II awarded Chernyshev with the Order of St. Andrew.^[1]

In November 1762, Chernyshev was one of ten military commanders convened by Catherine II for the purposes of reforming the Imperial Russian military. Chernyshev retired from the military in early 1764, citing "weak health and straitened finances."^[2]

Politics

In 1742, Kapitan Chernyshev was sent to the Holy Roman Empire city of Vienna, where he worked under the Russian ambassador there, Ludovic Lanczynski. At his mother's urging, Empress Elizabeth next sent Chernyshev as her representative to the sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1745.^[1]

Bust of General Field Marshal Chernyshev (1774) by Fedot Shubin

On 4 March 1764, Catherine II appointed Chernyshev to the College of War's top post of vice-president.^[2] He was a Governing Senator in March 1765 when he was awarded 30,000 Russian rubles by Catherine II for his governmental service.^[10] When it first met on 4 November 1768, Chernyshev was on Catherine II's advisory council for the Russo-Turkish War, and in autumn 1773, he was appointed to the new position of War College president,^[11] along with a commiserate promotion to general field marshal,^[12] and advised Catherine II regarding Pugachev's Rebellion.^[13] Having lost Catherine II's favor to Lieutenant-General Grigory Potemkin, Chernyshev resigned from the College of War in August 1774.^[11]

Administration

Upon the 1772 First Partition of Poland, the Russian Partition consisted mostly of former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth territory in the drainage basin of the Vistula river:^[14] 92,000 square kilometres (36,000 sq mi) that became the Pskov and Mogilev Governorates.^[15] On 28 May 1772, Chernyshev was appointed these new governorates' governor-general.^[16] He still held this office in May 1780 when Catherine II met with Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II in Mogilev.^[5]

In 1782, Chernyshev was recalled to Moscow to serve as that city's mayor.^[1] He commissioned Matvey Kazakov, and had a luxury home built on Tverskaya Street that would house Muscovite mayors into the 20th century.^[17] During his tenure, he "renewed [and] decorated the ancient capital with many buildings". For his service, he was awarded the Order of Saint Vladimir by Catherine II.^[1]

References

1. Bantysh-Kamensky, Dmitry Nikolaevich (1840). 27-й Генералъ-Фельдмаршалъ [27th General Field Marshal]. Биографии российских генералиссимусов и генерал-фельдмаршалов [Biographies of Russian Generalissimo and Field Marshals] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Ministry of State Property. Archived from the original on 16 June 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
2. Alexander, John T. (1989). "Coronation, Consolidation, Challenges". Catherine the Great: Life and Legend. Madison Avenue: Oxford University Press. pp. 61–96. ISBN 0-19-505236-6.
3. Massie, Robert K. (2011). "Peepholes". Catherine the Great: Portrait of a Woman. New York City: Random House. pp. 100–105. ISBN 978-0-679-45672-8.
4. Alexander, John T. (1989). "The Education of a Russian Empress (1729–1762)". Catherine the Great: Life and Legend. Madison Avenue: Oxford University Press. pp. 17–60. ISBN 0-19-505236-6.
5. Alexander, John T. (1989). "Succession Concerns and Southern Vistas". Catherine the Great: Life and Legend. Madison Avenue: Oxford University Press. pp. 227–255. ISBN 0-19-505236-6.
6. Massie, Robert K. (2011). "Moscow and the Country". Catherine the Great: Portrait of a Woman. New York City: Random House. pp. 129–132. ISBN 978-0-679-45672-8.
7. Massie, Robert K. (2011). "Reading, Dancing, and a Betrayal". Catherine the Great: Portrait of a Woman. New York City: Random House. pp. 144–148. ISBN 978-0-679-45672-8.
8. Massie, Robert K. (2011). "The Brief Reign of Peter III". Catherine the Great: Portrait of a Woman. New York City: Random House. pp. 240–251. ISBN 978-0-679-45672-8.
9. Massie, Robert K. (2011). "'Dura!'". Catherine the Great: Portrait of a Woman. New York City: Random House. pp. 251–266. ISBN 978-0-679-45672-8.
10. Alexander, John T. (1989). "Crisis Renewed: The Volga Voyage and the Legislative Commission". Catherine the Great: Life and Legend. Madison Avenue: Oxford University Press. pp. 97–120. ISBN 0-19-505236-6.
11. Alexander, John T. (1989). "Foreign Policy and War, Poland and Turkey". Catherine the Great: Life and Legend. Madison Avenue: Oxford University Press. pp. 121–142. ISBN 0-19-505236-6.
12. Mikaberidze, Alexander (2005). "The Biographies". The Russian Officer Corps of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 1795–1815. New York City: Savas Beatie. p. 341. ISBN 1-932714-02-2.
13. Massie, Robert K. (2011). "The Return of 'Peter the Third'". Catherine the Great: Portrait of a Woman. New York City: Random House. pp. 392–402. ISBN 978-0-679-45672-8.
14. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Poland, Russian" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 929–932.
15. Тархов, С. А. (2001). Изменение административно-территориального деления России за последние 300 лет [Change in the Administrative-Territorial Division of Russia Over the Past 300 Years]. География (in Russian) (15). Первое Сентября. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
16. Готье, Ю. В. (1941). История областного управления в России от Петра I до Екатерины II [The History of Regional Governance in Russia from Peter I to Catherine II] (in Russian). Vol. II. Moscow: USSR Academy of Sciences Publishing House. p. 251.
17. "Moscow City Hall". Moscow: Mayor of Moscow. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 13 February 2020. City administrators are occupying this building for already two and a half centuries. However, the initial project of genius Kazakov was more modest, and the building stood not exactly on the present location.