Yttrium(III) oxide

Yttrium oxide, also known as yttria, is Y₂O₃. It is an air-stable, white solid substance.

Yttrium(III) oxide

Names
IUPAC name Yttrium(III) oxide.
Other names Yttria, diyttrium trioxide, yttrium sesquioxide
Identifiers
CAS Number	1314-36-9 Y
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
ChemSpider	140159
ECHA InfoCard	100.013.849
EC Number	215-233-5
PubChem CID	518711
RTECS number	ZG3850000
UNII	X8071685XT
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID5051573
InChI InChI=1S/3O.2Y Key: SIWVEOZUMHYXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES O=[Y]O[Y]=O
Properties
Chemical formula	Y2O3
Molar mass	225.81 g/mol
Appearance	White solid.
Density	5.010 g/cm3, solid
Melting point	2,425 °C (4,397 °F; 2,698 K)
Boiling point	4,300 °C (7,770 °F; 4,570 K)
Solubility in water	insoluble
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	+44.4·10−6 cm3/mol[1]
Structure
Crystal structure	Cubic (bixbyite), cI80[2]
Space group	Ia3 (No. 206)
Coordination geometry	Octahedral
Thermochemistry
Std molar entropy (S⦵298)	99.08 J/mol·K [3]
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298)	-1905.310 kJ/mol [3]
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG⦵)	-1816.609 kJ/mol [3]
Hazards
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LDLo (lowest published)	>10,000 mg/kg (rat, oral) >6000 mg/kg (mouse, oral)[4]
Related compounds
Other anions	Yttrium(III) sulfide
Other cations	Scandium(III) oxide, Lutetium(III) oxide
Related compounds	Yttrium barium copper oxide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references

The thermal conductivity of yttrium oxide is 27 W/(m·K).^[5]

Applications

Phosphors

Yttrium oxide is widely used to make Eu:YVO₄ and Eu:Y₂O₃ phosphors that give the red color in color TV picture tubes.

Yttria lasers

Y₂O₃ is a prospective solid-state laser material. In particular, lasers with ytterbium as dopant allow the efficient operation both in continuous operation^[6] and in pulsed regimes.^[7] At high concentration of excitations (of order of 1%) and poor cooling, the quenching of emission at laser frequency and avalanche broadband emission takes place.^[8] (Yttria-based lasers are not to be confused with YAG lasers using yttrium aluminium garnet, a widely used crystal host for rare earth laser dopants).

Gas lighting

The original use of the mineral yttria and the purpose of its extraction from mineral sources was as part of the process of making gas mantles and other products for turning the flames of artificially-produced gases (initially hydrogen, later coal gas, paraffin, or other products) into human-visible light. This use is almost obsolete - thorium and cerium oxides are larger components of such products these days.

Dental ceramics

Yttrium oxide is used to stabilize the Zirconia in late-generation porcelain-free metal-free dental ceramics. This is a very hard ceramic used as a strong base material in some full ceramic restorations.^[9] The zirconia used in dentistry is zirconium oxide which has been stabilized with the addition of yttrium oxide. The full name of zirconia used in dentistry is "yttria-stabilized zirconia" or YSZ.

Microwave filters

Yttrium oxide is also used to make yttrium iron garnets, which are very effective microwave filters.

Superconductors

Y₂O₃ is used to make the high temperature superconductor YBa₂Cu₃O₇, known as "1-2-3" to indicate the ratio of the metal constituents:

2 Y₂O₃ + 8 BaO + 12 CuO + O₂ → 4 YBa₂Cu₃O₇

This synthesis is typically conducted at 800 °C.

Inorganic synthesis

Yttrium oxide is an important starting point for inorganic compounds. For organometallic chemistry it is converted to YCl₃ in a reaction with concentrated hydrochloric acid and ammonium chloride.

High-temperature coatings

Y₂O₃ is used in specialty coatings and pastes that can withstand high temperatures and act as a barrier for reactive metals such as uranium.^[10]

Heat radiators

NASA developed a material it dubbed Solar White that it is exploring for use as a radiator in deep space, where it is expected to reflect more than 99.9% of the sun’s energy (low solar radiation absorption and high infrared emittance).^[11] A sphere covered with a 10 mm coating sited far from the Earth and 1 astronomical unit from the sun could keep temperatures below 50 K. One use is long-term cryogenic storage.^[12]

Optical Industry

Yttrium Oxide is used to produce Yttrium Iron Garnets, which are very effective microwave filters.^[13] It's also used to create red phosphors for LED screens and TV tubes, as well as in anti-reflective coatings to enhance light transmission.^[14] Yttrium is required in production of Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (YAG) lasers, which are widely used in industrial and medical applications.^[15]

Natural occurrence

Yttriaite-(Y), approved as a new mineral species in 2010, is the natural form of yttria. It is exceedingly rare, occurring as inclusions in native tungsten particles in a placer deposit of the Bol’shaja Pol’ja (Russian: Большая Полья) river, Prepolar Ural, Siberia. As a chemical component of other minerals, the oxide yttria was first isolated in 1789 by Johan Gadolin, from rare-earth minerals in a mine at the Swedish town of Ytterby, near Stockholm.^[16]

See also

• Yttralox

References

1. "Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 102nd Edition". CRC Press.
2. Yong-Nian Xu; Zhong-quan Gu; W. Y. Ching (1997). "Electronic, structural, and optical properties of crystalline yttria". Phys. Rev. B56 (23): 14993–15000. Bibcode:1997PhRvB..5614993X. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.56.14993.
3. R. Robie, B. Hemingway, and J. Fisher, “Thermodynamic Properties of Minerals and Related Substances at 298.15K and 1bar Pressure and at Higher Temperatures,” US Geol. Surv., vol. 1452, 1978.
4. "Yttrium compounds (as Y)". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
5. P. H. Klein & W. J. Croft (1967). "Thermal conductivity, Diffusivity, and Expansion of Y₂O₃, Y₃Al₅O₁₂, and LaF₃ in the Range 77-300 K". J. Appl. Phys. 38 (4): 1603. Bibcode:1967JAP....38.1603K. doi:10.1063/1.1709730.
6. J. Kong; D.Y.Tang; B. Zhao; J.Lu; K.Ueda; H.Yagi; T.Yanagitani (2005). "9.2-W diode-pumped Yb:Y₂O₃ ceramic laser". Applied Physics Letters. 86 (16): 161116. Bibcode:2005ApPhL..86p1116K. doi:10.1063/1.1914958.
7. M.Tokurakawa; K.Takaichi; A.Shirakawa; K.Ueda; H.Yagi; T.Yanagitani; A.A. Kaminskii (2007). "Diode-pumped 188 fs mode-locked Yb³⁺:Y₂O₃ ceramic laser". Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 (7): 071101. Bibcode:2007ApPhL..90g1101T. doi:10.1063/1.2476385.
8. J.-F.Bisson; D.Kouznetsov; K.Ueda; S.T.Fredrich-Thornton; K.Petermann; G.Huber (2007). "Switching of emissivity and photoconductivity in highly doped Yb³⁺:Y₂O₃ and Lu₂O₃ ceramics". Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 (20): 201901. Bibcode:2007ApPhL..90t1901B. doi:10.1063/1.2739318.
9. Shen, James, ed. (2013). Advanced ceramics for dentistry (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/BH. p. 271. ISBN 978-0123946195.
10. Padmanabhan, P. V. A.; Ramanathan, S.; Sreekumar, K. P.; Satpute, R. U.; Kutty, T. R. G.; Gonal, M. R.; Gantayet, L. M. (2007-12-15). "Synthesis of thermal spray grade yttrium oxide powder and its application for plasma spray deposition". Materials Chemistry and Physics. 106 (2): 416–421. doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.06.027. ISSN 0254-0584.
11. Wilhite, Jarred; Wendell, Jason. "SOLAR WHITE THERMAL COATING FOR CRYOGENIC PROPULSION SYSTEMS" (PDF). nasa.gov.
12. Youngquist, Robert (2016-05-13). "Cryogenic Selective Surfaces - NASA". nasa.gov. Retrieved 2024-02-27.
13. "Yttrium oxide". Stanford Advanced Materials. Retrieved Aug 11, 2024.
14. Behrsing, T.; Deacon, G.B. (2014). "Chapter 1 - The chemistry of rare earth metals, compounds, and corrosion inhibitors". Rare Earth-Based Corrosion Inhibitors. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 1–37. ISBN 978-0-85709-347-9.
15. Lu, Jianren; Ueda, Ken (2002). "Neodymium doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Y3Al5O12) nanocrystalline ceramics—a new generation of solid state laser and optical materials". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 341 (1–2): 220–225. doi:10.1016/S0925-8388(02)00083-X.
16. Mindat, http://www.mindat.org/min-40471.html

External links

• Yttrium oxide information at Webelements.