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Halay is the national dance of Turkey and a regional category of folk dance styles in central, southern, eastern, and southeastern regions of the country. It is mainly performed by Turks and Kurds in Turkey. Halay and similar dances are parts of multiple ancient folk dance traditions and cultures throughout the Middle East and regions in proximity.[1][2]
These dances are mostly found in weddings and generally accompanied by zurna and davul,[3] but in the recent years, electronic instruments have started to replace them. Typically, Halay dancers form a circle or a line, while holding each other in many ways, such as finger to finger, shoulder to shoulder, or hand to hand. The last and the first player may hold a piece of cloth. It usually begins slow and speeds up.[3]
Due to the restrictions concerning COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey Halay dance had been restricted in weddings. Because of the pandemic weddings were required people to hold sticks connecting each other, rather than their hands.[4]
The linguistic origin of the term Halay is not fully known. There are multiple theories. The original etymology given in the Kubbealtı Dictionary is that the word is derived from the word "alay", which means "community, crowd". The word "alay" was transferred to Turkish from Persian. In Persian, it is taken from the Greek aláyi(on) αλάγιον "independent cavalry unit in the Byzantine army (10th century)". The Greek word(aláyi) is taken from the Latin "alae". This word(alae) is the plural of the Latin "ala" 1st wing, 2nd the name given to the cavalry units in the Roman army. The Latin word was recorded at the 2nd century BC and refers to the cavalry units deployed to the right and left of the infantry unit in the centre. The Greek form first appears in the 959 compilation of laws by Constantine VIII Porphyrogennetos. The original meaning of the Turkish word is a cavalry unit in neat ranks, unlike the traditional Turkish raiding order.[5]
According to Sevan Nişanyan's Etymological Dictionary of Contemporary Turkish, it comes from the Kurdish (Kurmanji) hilayi or halayi meaning "standing up, playing". This word is derived from the Kurdish (Kurmanji) verb hildan or haldan "to play, to jump, to lift".[6] However, on 24 July 2022, Nişanyan put doubt on this revealing that he doesn't know the origin of the word.[7]
It is also known as Govend or Dîlan in Kurdish, as Ḥeggāʾ (ܚܓܐ) in Syriac, as Yallı in Azerbaijani, as šurǰpar (Շուրջպար) in Armenian, as Chaláï (Χαλάϊ) in Greek, and as Halay in Turkish.[citation needed]
- Elazığ dik halay (danced by Turks and Kurds)[citation needed]
- Üç Ayak [8][9] (danced by Turks)
- Kaba[9] (danced by Turks)
- Afshar[9] (danced by Turks)
- Halabi[9] (danced by Turks, Kurds, and Arabs)
- Dunnik (danced by Kurds)[citation needed]
- Yallı (danced by Azerbaijanis)[citation needed]
- Assyrian folk dance
- Attan (danced by Afghans)
- Dabke (danced by Levantines)
- Dîlan (danced by Kurds)
- Faroese dance
- Horon (danced by Pontic Greek, Laz, and Turkish peoples)
- Kolo (danced by Southern Slavs)
- Ohuokhai
- Sirtaki (danced by the Greek)
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