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Chinese strategic bomber aircraft From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Xi'an H-6 (Chinese: 轰-6; pinyin: Hōng-6)[lower-alpha 1] is a twin-engine jet bomber of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF). The H-6 is a license-built version of the Soviet Tupolev Tu-16 and remains the primary bomber aircraft of the People's Republic of China.
| Xi'an H-6 | |
|---|---|
| Xi'an H-6K | |
| General information | |
| Type | Strategic bomber |
| National origin | China |
| Manufacturer | Xi'an Aircraft Industrial Corporation |
| Status | In service; in production |
| Primary users | People's Liberation Army Air Force |
| Number built | 231+ As of 2020[1][2] |
| History | |
| Introduction date | 1969[3] |
| First flight | 1959[4] |
| Retired | 1991 (Iraq) 2000 (Egypt) |
| Developed from | Tupolev Tu-16 |
| Variants | Xi'an H-6I |
Delivery of the Tu-16 to China began in 1958, and a license production agreement with the Soviets was signed in the late 1950s. By November 2020, the PLAAF had as many as 231, and continued to build the aircraft.[4][1]
The latest variant of the H-6 is the H-6N, a heavily redesigned version capable of aerial refueling and carrying air-launched cruise missiles. According to the United States Department of Defense, this will give the PLAAF a long-range standoff offensive air capability with precision-guided munitions.[5][6]
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Having entered service with the Soviet Union in April 1952, the Tupolev Tu-16 was one the Soviets' earliest effective jet bombers with over 1,500 produced through 1962. Early in 1956, the Soviet Union agreed to license production of the Tu-16 to the People's Republic of China. Signed in September 1957, the agreement granted China two production aircraft, a semi-knocked-down (SKD) kit, a complete knock-down (CKD) kit, a set of blanks, and various raw materials to jumpstart Chinese manufacture, all from Plant No. 22 in Kazan. In 1959 a team of Soviet technicians were dispatched to China to assist in the start of Chinese production where they remained until fall 1960.[7]
The Chinese Bureau of Aircraft Industry selected the Harbin Aircraft Factory and a similar factory in Xi'an to produce the new Tu-16s, requiring major reconstruction and expansion. The aircraft and CKD were sent in May 1959 to Harbin Aircraft Factory and production began shortly after with the first Chinese-built Tu-16 assembled in only 67 days (from 28 June to 3 September 1959, using Soviet-provided CKD). Two weeks later, on 27 September the first Chinese Tu-16 completed its maiden flight and in December was transferred to the PLAAF. In 1961, the Bureau of Aircraft Industry opted to concentrate production at Xi'an and dedicate the Harbin factory to H-6 production. Having completed renovations of the Xi'an factory by 1958, production of the H-6 began in earnest with the first fully domestically produced H-6 bomber making its first flight on 24 December 1968, flown by Li Yuanyi and Xu Wenhong.[7]
The establishment of China's H-6 production system experienced significant delays and a loss of schematics during the chaos of the Cultural Revolution.[7]
The H-6 was used to drop nine nuclear devices at the Lop Nur test site. However, with the increased development in ballistic missile technology, the nuclear delivery capabilities that the H-6 offered diminished in importance. The CIA estimated in 1976 that the H-6 had moved over to a dual nuclear/conventional bombing role.[citation needed]
Today, H-6 variants are used by the PLAAF (primarily H-6Ks) and PLANAF (primarily H-6Js). Originally PLAAF bombers were used by the eight bomber divisions of the total fifty PLAAF air divisions.[8] At present, PLAAF bombers are found in three conventional bomber divisions assigned to the PLA's theater commands and the nuclear 106th and 23rd Air Brigades.[8] The three conventional bomber divisions of the PLAAF are the 10th Air Division (Eastern Theater Command), 8th Air Division (Southern Theater Command), and 36th Air Division (Central Theater Command).[8] The 10th Air Division is likely responsible for conflicts in the Taiwan Strait or East China Sea, the 8th for conflicts in the South China Sea,[9] and the 36th may be used as a national reserve.[10] H-6s are garrisoned at Anqing, Luhe, Shaodong, Leiyang, Lintong, Wugong, and Neixiang Air Bases.[8]
On 13 July 2017, the Japanese Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF) scrambled jets from Okinawa, intercepted, and photographed six Chinese H-6K bombers conducting long-range drills over the Bashi Channel and Miyako Strait through the Taiwanese, East China Sea, and Japanese Air Defense Identification Zones (ADIZ). A PLA spokesperson told Chinese news service CGTN that the aircraft were "testing actual battle capabilities over the sea" as part of "routine exercises." Two bombers were of the 8th Air Division and the remaining four of the Eastern Theater Command's 10th Air Division.[11][12] Similarly, on 25 May 2018, the JASDF joined F-16 fighter jets of Taiwanese Air Force in intercepting and photographing two H-6K bombers looping around the Taiwan Island through the Bashi Channel and Miyako Strait. A photo released by the JASDF shows an H-6K of the 8th Air Division, tail number 10192.[13]
In summer 2021, the British aircraft carrier HMS Queen Elizabeth sailed through international waters in the South China Sea, demonstrating freedom of navigation to challenge Chinese territorial claims. Chinese warnings against the act[14][15] included China Central Television (CCTV) footage of an H-6 armed with YJ-12 anti-ship cruise missiles.[16][better source needed][17][better source needed][18][better source needed]
In 2022, at the annual China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition (colloquially known as the Zhuhai Airshow), an H-6K of the 8th Air Division's 24th Air Regiment (tail number 11097) was observed carrying what some western defense analysts suspect is the first air-launched model of the CM-401 anti-ship ballistic missile (ASBM).[19]
For years, H-6K bombers of the 10th Air Division's 28th Air Regiment (AR) have routinely joined other military aircraft of the PLAAF (including J-11s, J-16s, Y-8s, Su-30s, KJ-500s, and various UAVs)[20] in unannounced incursions into the Taiwanese and sometimes Japanese Air Defense Identification Zones (ADIZ) carrying a variety of payload munitions.[21][22][23] These incursions have gained international attention, especially in annual joint patrols between bombers of the Chinese 28th Air Regiment and Russian Tu-95MS strategic bombers including during meetings of the Quad.[23][24][25]
In the PLAAF, H-6 aircrews (机组; jīzǔ) consist of four personnel: the pilot in command (驾驶; jiàshǐ or 机长) who sits in the left pilot seat, the co-pilot (副驾驶; fù jiàshǐ) who sits to their right, an electronic warfare and communications officer (通信官; tōngxìn guān), and a navigator (领航; lǐngháng) bombardier (轰炸官; hōngzhà guān) who may also be referred to as a weapons control technician (武控师; wǔ kòng shī). Both the electronic warfare and communications officer and the navigator/bombardier sit directly behind the two pilots. Within a larger bomber formation, pilots may serve the role of 'lead pilot' (长机; zhǎng jī) with command over a multiple-bomber formation. When a pilot commands two multiple-bomber formations of the same type, they are referred to as the 'airborne commander' (空中指挥员; kōngzhōng zhǐhuī yuán). PLAAF pilots use the term 僚机; liáojī to describe a wingman.[26]
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2021) |
New variants were produced in the 1990s: the H-6G was a control platform for ground-launched cruise missiles and the H-6H could carry two land-attack cruise missiles. In terms of the missiles carried, five immediate possibilities were considered by PLAAF: the indigenous HN-1, HN-2, HN-3, DH-10/CJ-10, and a variant of a Russian-designed cruise missile. The CJ-10 was apparently chosen as the main missile carried by the H-6H.[27] Subsequently, the H-6M cruise missile carrier was also introduced, with four pylons for improved cruise missiles and a terrain-following navigation system. The H6-M has no internal bomb bay and no defensive armament.[28]
The H-6K, first flying on January 5, 2007,[29] entered service in October 2009 during the celebrations of the 60th anniversary of the People's Republic of China,[30] and is claimed to make China the third country with an active strategic bomber after United States and Russia.[30][31] With a reinforced structure making use of composite materials,[31] enlarged engine inlets for Russian Soloviev D-30 turbofan engines giving a claimed combat radius of 3,500 kilometres (2,200 mi),[30] a glass cockpit with large size LCD multi-function display,[32] and a reworked nose section eliminating the glazed navigator's station in favor of a more powerful radar, the H-6K is a significantly more modern aircraft than earlier versions. Six underwing hardpoints for CJ-10A cruise missiles are added. The rear 23 mm guns and gunner position are replaced by electronic components.[32]
The H-6K, known in Mainland China as "God of War" (Chinese: 战神; pinyin: Zhànshén),[33] is designed for long-range attacks and stand-off attacks. It is capable of attacking US carrier battle groups and priority targets in Asia. This aircraft has nuclear strike capability.[34] While previous models had limited missile capacity (the H-6G could only carry two YJ-12 anti-ship missiles and the H-6M two KD-20/CJ-10K/CJ-20 land attack cruise missiles), the H-6K can carry up to six YJ-12 and 6-7 ALCMs; a single regiment of 18 H-6Ks fully loaded out with YJ-12s can saturate enemy ships with over 100 supersonic missiles. Although the aircraft has a new nose radome housing a modern air-to-ground radar, it is not clear if the bomber or other Chinese assets yet have the capability to collect accurate targeting information for successful strikes against point targets in areas beyond the first island chain.[35][36][37] An electro-optical targeting system is fitted under the nose.[38]
The WS-18 (or WS-18A) engine may be intended to re-engine the H-6K.[39] The WS-18 – a copy[40] or derivative[39] of the D-30 – began development in 2007 and flight testing in 2015.[40]
In 2015, about 15 H-6Ks were in service.[41]
A H-6K fitted with a refuelling probe may have first flown in December 2016. Besides extending range, a possible mission for the variant may be to launch satellites or ballistic missiles.[42]
Defense Intelligence Agency chief Ashley confirmed that China is developing two new air-launched ballistic missiles, (CH-AS-X-13)[43] one of which can carry a nuclear warhead.[44]
In January 2019, Norinco announced it had tested an analog of the American "Mother of all Bombs." The weapon is carried by an H-6K and takes up the whole of the bomb bay, making it roughly 5–6 m (16–20 ft) long and weighing 10 tons. Chinese media claimed it could be used for wiping out reinforced buildings and shelters as well as clearing obstacles to create an aircraft landing zone.[45][46]
In October 2022, Chinese media showcased the prospective concepts of H-6K carrying LJ-1 unmanned aerial system conducting drone swarm tactics. LJ-1 was originally designed as a target practice drone with a modular payload, which could be modified into a decoy or electronic warfare platform.[47]
Data from Sinodefence.com[29]
General characteristics
Performance
Armament
Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
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