Wi-Fi 7

Not to be confused with IEEE 802.11b.

IEEE 802.11be, dubbed Extremely High Throughput (EHT), is a wireless networking standard in the IEEE 802.11 set of protocols^[9][10] which is designated Wi-Fi 7 by the Wi-Fi Alliance.^[11][12][13] It has built upon 802.11ax, focusing on WLAN indoor and outdoor operation with stationary and pedestrian speeds in the 2.4, 5, and 6 GHz frequency bands.^[14]

Logo used by the Wi-Fi Alliance for Wi-Fi 7

Wi-Fi generations

• v
• t
• e

Generation	IEEE standard	Adopted	Maximum link rate (Mb/s)	Radio frequency (GHz)
(Wi-Fi 0*)	802.11	1997	1–2	2.4
(Wi-Fi 1*)	802.11b	1999	1–11	2.4
(Wi-Fi 2*)	802.11a	1999	6–54	5
(Wi-Fi 3*)	802.11g	2003		2.4
Wi-Fi 4	802.11n	2009	6.5–600	2.4, 5
Wi-Fi 5	802.11ac	2013	6.5–6933	5[a]
Wi-Fi 6	802.11ax	2021	0.4–9608[1]	2.4, 5
Wi-Fi 6E				2.4, 5, 6[b]
Wi-Fi 7	802.11be	exp. 2024	0.4–23,059	2.4, 5, 6[2]
Wi-Fi 8	802.11bn	exp. 2028[3]	100,000[4]	2.4, 5, 6[5]
*Wi‑Fi 0, 1, 2, and 3 are named by retroactive inference. They do not exist in the official nomenclature.[6][7][8]

Throughput is believed to reach a theoretical maximum of 46 Gbit/s, although actual results are much lower.^[15]

Development of the 802.11be amendment is ongoing, with an initial draft in March 2021, and a final version expected by the end of 2024.^[12][16][17] Despite this, numerous products were announced in 2022 based on draft standards, with retail availability in early 2023. On 8 January 2024, the Wi-Fi Alliance introduced its Wi-Fi Certified 7 program to certify Wi-Fi 7 devices. While final ratification is not expected until the end of 2024, the technical requirements are essentially complete,^[15] and as of February 2024^[update] there are already products labeled as Wi‑Fi 7.^[18][19][20]

The global Wi-Fi 7 market was estimated at US$1 billion in 2023, and is projected to reach US$24.2 billion by 2030.^[21]

Core features

The following are core features that have been approved as of Draft 3.0:

• 4096-QAM (4K-QAM) enables each symbol to carry 12 bits rather than 10 bits, resulting in 20% higher theoretical transmission rates than WiFi 6's 1024-QAM.
• Contiguous and non-contiguous 320/160+160 MHz and 240/160+80 MHz bandwidth
• Multi-Link Operation (MLO), a feature that increases capacity by simultaneously sending and receiving data across different frequency bands and channels. (2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, 6 GHz)^[22]
• Theoretically as little as 1% the latency of Wi‑Fi 6, through the use of MLO ^{[citation needed]}
• 16 spatial streams and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) protocol enhancements^[22]
• Flexible Channel Utilization – Interference currently can negate an entire Wi-Fi channel. With preamble puncturing, a portion of the channel that is affected by interference can be blocked off while continuing to use the rest of the channel.

Candidate features

The main candidate features mentioned in the 802.11be Project Authorization Request (PAR) are:^[23]

• Multi-Access Point (AP) Coordination (e.g. coordinated and joint transmission),
• Enhanced link adaptation and retransmission protocol (e.g. Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ)),
• If needed, adaptation to regulatory rules specific to 6 GHz spectrum,
• Integrating Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) IEEE 802.1Q extensions for low-latency real-time traffic:^[24][25][26]
  • IEEE 802.1AS timing and synchronisation
  • IEEE 802.11aa MAC Enhancements for Robust Audio Video Streaming (Stream Reservation Protocol over IEEE 802.11)
  • IEEE 802.11ak Enhancements for Transit Links Within Bridged Networks (802.11 links in 802.1Q networks)
  • Bounded latency: credit-based (IEEE 802.1Qav) and cyclic/time-aware traffic shaping (IEEE 802.1Qch/Qbv), asynchronous traffic scheduling (IEEE 802.1Qcr-2020)
  • IEEE 802.11ax Scheduled Operation extensions for reduced jitter/latency

Additional features

Apart from the features mentioned in the PAR, there are newly introduced features:^[27]

• Newly introduced 4096-QAM (4K-QAM),
• Contiguous and non-contiguous 320/160+160 MHz and 240/160+80 MHz bandwidth,
• Frame formats with improved forward-compatibility,
• Enhanced resource allocation in OFDMA,
• Optimized channel sounding that requires less airtime,
• Implicit channel sounding,
• More flexible preamble puncturing scheme,
• Support of direct links, managed by an access point.

Rate set

Modulation and coding schemes

MCS index[i]	Modulation type	Coding rate	Data rate (Mbit/s)[ii]
			20 MHz channels			40 MHz channels			80 MHz channels			160 MHz channels			320 MHz channels
			3200 ns GI[iii]	1600 ns GI	800 ns GI	3200 ns GI	1600 ns GI	800 ns GI	3200 ns GI	1600 ns GI	800 ns GI	3200 ns GI	1600 ns GI	800 ns GI	3200 ns GI	1600 ns GI	800 ns GI
0	BPSK	1/2	7	8	9	15	16	17	31	34	36	61	68	72	123	136	144
1	QPSK	1/2	15	16	17	29	33	34	61	68	72	122	136	144	245	272	288
2	QPSK	3/4	22	24	26	44	49	52	92	102	108	184	204	216	368	408	432
3	16-QAM	1/2	29	33	34	59	65	69	123	136	144	245	272	282	490	544	577
4	16-QAM	3/4	44	49	52	88	98	103	184	204	216	368	408	432	735	817	865
5	64-QAM	2/3	59	65	69	117	130	138	245	272	288	490	544	576	980	1089	1153
6	64-QAM	3/4	66	73	77	132	146	155	276	306	324	551	613	649	1103	1225	1297
7	64-QAM	5/6	73	81	86	146	163	172	306	340	360	613	681	721	1225	1361	1441
8	256-QAM	3/4	88	98	103	176	195	207	368	408	432	735	817	865	1470	1633	1729
9	256-QAM	5/6	98	108	115	195	217	229	408	453	480	817	907	961	1633	1815	1922
10	1024-QAM	3/4	110	122	129	219	244	258	459	510	540	919	1021	1081	1838	2042	2162
11	1024-QAM	5/6	122	135	143	244	271	287	510	567	600	1021	1134	1201	2042	2269	2402
12	4096-QAM	3/4	131	146	155	263	293	310	551	613	649	1103	1225	1297	2205	2450	2594
13	4096-QAM	5/6	146	163	172	293	325	344	613	681	721	1225	1361	1441	2450	2722	2882
14	BPSK-DCM-DUP	1/2							7	8	9	15	17	18	31	34	36
15	BPSK-DCM	1/2	4	4	4	7	8	9	15	17	18	31	34	36	61	68	72

Comparison

v t e 802.11 network standards
Frequency range, or type	PHY	Protocol	Release date[28]	Freq­uency	Bandwidth	Stream data rate[29]	Max. MIMO streams	Modulation	Approx. range
									In­door	Out­door
				(GHz)	(MHz)	(Mbit/s)
1–7 GHz	DSSS[30], FHSS[A]	802.11-1997	June 1997	2.4	22	1, 2	—	DSSS, FHSS[A]	20 m (66 ft)	100 m (330 ft)
	HR/DSSS[30]	802.11b	September 1999	2.4	22	1, 2, 5.5, 11	—	CCK, DSSS	35 m (115 ft)	140 m (460 ft)
	OFDM	802.11a	September 1999	5	5, 10, 20	6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 (for 20 MHz bandwidth, divide by 2 and 4 for 10 and 5 MHz)	—	OFDM	35 m (115 ft)	120 m (390 ft)
		802.11j	November 2004	4.9, 5.0 [B][31]					?	?
		802.11y	November 2008	3.7[C]					?	5,000 m (16,000 ft)[C]
		802.11p	July 2010	5.9					200 m	1,000 m (3,300 ft)[32]
		802.11bd	December 2022	5.9, 60					500 m	1,000 m (3,300 ft)
	ERP-OFDM[33]	802.11g	June 2003	2.4					38 m (125 ft)	140 m (460 ft)
	HT-OFDM[34]	802.11n (Wi-Fi 4)	October 2009	2.4, 5	20	Up to 288.8[D]	4	MIMO-OFDM (64-QAM)	70 m (230 ft)	250 m (820 ft)[35]
					40	Up to 600[D]
	VHT-OFDM[34]	802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5)	December 2013	5	20	Up to 693[D]	8	DL MU-MIMO OFDM (256-QAM)	35 m (115 ft)[36]	?
					40	Up to 1600[D]
					80	Up to 3467[D]
					160	Up to 6933[D]
	HE-OFDMA	802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6, Wi-Fi 6E)	May 2021	2.4, 5, 6	20	Up to 1147[E]	8	UL/DL MU-MIMO OFDMA (1024-QAM)	30 m (98 ft)	120 m (390 ft)[F]
					40	Up to 2294[E]
					80	Up to 5.5 Gbit/s[E]
					80+80	Up to 11.0 Gbit/s[E]
	EHT-OFDMA	802.11be (Wi-Fi 7)	Sep 2024 (est.)	2.4, 5, 6	80	Up to 11.5 Gbit/s[E]	16	UL/DL MU-MIMO OFDMA (4096-QAM)	30 m (98 ft)	120 m (390 ft)[F]
					160 (80+80)	Up to 23 Gbit/s[E]
					240 (160+80)	Up to 35 Gbit/s[E]
					320 (160+160)	Up to 46.1 Gbit/s[E]
	UHR	802.11bn (Wi-Fi 8)	May 2028 (est.)	2.4, 5, 6, 42, 60, 71	320	Up to 100000 (100 Gbit/s)	16	Multi-link MU-MIMO OFDM (8192-QAM)	?	?
	WUR[G]	802.11ba	October 2021	2.4, 5	4, 20	0.0625, 0.25 (62.5 kbit/s, 250 kbit/s)	—	OOK (multi-carrier OOK)	?	?
mmWave (WiGig)	DMG[37]	802.11ad	December 2012	60	2160 (2.16 GHz)	Up to 8085[38] (8 Gbit/s)	—	OFDM,[A] single carrier, low-power single carrier[A]	3.3 m (11 ft)[39]	?
		802.11aj	April 2018	60[H]	1080[40]	Up to 3754 (3.75 Gbit/s)	—	single carrier, low-power single carrier[A]	?	?
	CMMG	802.11aj	April 2018	45[H]	540, 1080	Up to 15015[41] (15 Gbit/s)	4[42]	OFDM, single carrier	?	?
	EDMG[43]	802.11ay	July 2021	60	Up to 8640 (8.64 GHz)	Up to 303336[44] (303 Gbit/s)	8	OFDM, single carrier	10 m (33 ft)	100 m (328 ft)
Sub 1 GHz (IoT)	TVHT[45]	802.11af	February 2014	0.054– 0.79	6, 7, 8	Up to 568.9[46]	4	MIMO-OFDM	?	?
	S1G[45]	802.11ah	May 2017	0.7, 0.8, 0.9	1–16	Up to 8.67[47] (@2 MHz)	4		?	?
Light (Li-Fi)	LC (VLC/OWC)	802.11bb	December 2023 (est.)	800–1000 nm	20	Up to 9.6 Gbit/s	—	O-OFDM	?	?
	IR[A] (IrDA)	802.11-1997	June 1997	850–900 nm	?	1, 2	—	PPM[A]	?	?
802.11 Standard rollups
		802.11-2007 (802.11ma)	March 2007	2.4, 5		Up to 54		DSSS, OFDM
		802.11-2012 (802.11mb)	March 2012	2.4, 5		Up to 150[D]		DSSS, OFDM
		802.11-2016 (802.11mc)	December 2016	2.4, 5, 60		Up to 866.7 or 6757[D]		DSSS, OFDM
		802.11-2020 (802.11md)	December 2020	2.4, 5, 60		Up to 866.7 or 6757[D]		DSSS, OFDM
		802.11me	September 2024 (est.)	2.4, 5, 6, 60		Up to 9608 or 303336		DSSS, OFDM
This is obsolete, and support for this might be subject to removal in a future revision of the standard For Japanese regulation. IEEE 802.11y-2008 extended operation of 802.11a to the licensed 3.7 GHz band. Increased power limits allow a range up to 5,000 m. As of 2009[update], it is only being licensed in the United States by the FCC. Based on short guard interval; standard guard interval is ~10% slower. Rates vary widely based on distance, obstructions, and interference. For single-user cases only, based on default guard interval which is 0.8 microseconds. Since multi-user via OFDMA has become available for 802.11ax, these may decrease. Also, these theoretical values depend on the link distance, whether the link is line-of-sight or not, interferences and the multi-path components in the environment. The default guard interval is 0.8 microseconds. However, 802.11ax extended the maximum available guard interval to 3.2 microseconds, in order to support Outdoor communications, where the maximum possible propagation delay is larger compared to Indoor environments. Wake-up Radio (WUR) Operation. For Chinese regulation.

802.11be Task Group

The 802.11be Task Group is led by individuals affiliated with Qualcomm, Intel, and Broadcom. Those affiliated with Huawei, Maxlinear, NXP, and Apple also have senior positions.^[17]

Commercial availability

Qualcomm announced its FastConnect 7800 series on 28 Feb 2022 using 14 nm chips.^[48][49] As of March 2023, the company claims 175 devices will be using their Wi-Fi 7 chips, including smartphones, routers, and access points.^[50]

Broadcom followed on 12 April 2022 with a series of 5 chips covering home, commercial, and enterprise uses.^[51] The company unveiled its second generation Wi-Fi 7 chips on 20 June 2023 featuring tri-band MLO support and lower costs.^[52]

The TP-Link Archer BE900 wireless router was available to consumers in April 2023.^[53] The company's Deco BE95 mesh networking system was also available that month. Asus, Eero, Linksys and Netgear had Wi-fi 7 wireless routers available by the end of 2023.

The ARRIS SURFboard G54 is a DOCSIS 3.1 cable gateway featuring Wi-Fi 7. It became available in October 2023.

Lumen's Quantum Fiber W1700K and W1701K are WiFi 7 certified and provided with their 360 WiFi offering. It is the first device made for a major Telecommunications Provider that's certified for WiFi 7.^[54]

Client devices

Vendor	Model	Release Date	Chipset	Notes
OnePlus	OnePlus 11	February 2023	Snapdragon 8 Gen 2[55]	The OnePlus Open also features Wi-Fi 7 support
Asus	ROG Phone 7	April 2023	Snapdragon 8 Gen 2
Lenovo	Legion Slim 7 Gen8 laptop		MediaTek Filogic 380 Wi-Fi 7 card[56]
Google	Pixel 8 and Pixel 8 Pro[57]	October 2023	Google Tensor G3[58][59]
Samsung	Galaxy S24 Ultra	January 2024	Snapdragon 8 Gen 3
Apple	iPhone 16 Pro and iPhone 16	September 2024	Apple A18
Sony	PlayStation 5 Pro[60]	November 2024
Sony	Sony Xperia 1 VI	June 2024	Snapdragon 8 Gen 3
Nokia	Beacon 24[61]	October 2023	Qualcom
Nokia	Beacon 19[62]	October 2024	Qualcom

Intel launched the BE200 and BE202 wireless adapters for desktop and laptop motherboards in September 2023.^[63]

The Asus ROG Strix Z790 E II motherboard is among the first with built-in Wi-Fi 7.^[64]

Software

Android 13 and higher provide support for Wi-Fi 7.^[65]

The Linux 6.2 kernel provides support for Wi-Fi 7 devices.^[66] The 6.4 kernel added Wi-Fi 7 mesh support.^[67] Linux 6.5 included significant driver support by Intel engineers, particularly support for MLO.^[68]

Support for Wi-Fi 7 was added to Windows 11, as of build 26063.1.^[69][70]

Notes

1. MCS 9 is not applicable to all combinations of channel width and spatial stream count.
2. Per spatial stream
3. GI stands for guard interval.

1. 802.11ac only specifies operation in the 5 GHz band. Operation in the 2.4 GHz band is specified by 802.11n.
2. Wi-Fi 6E is the industry name that identifies Wi-Fi devices that operate in 6 GHz. Wi-Fi 6E offers the features and capabilities of Wi-Fi 6 extended into the 6 GHz band.

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