Wi-Fi 6

Wi-Fi 6, or IEEE 802.11ax, is an IEEE standard from the Wi-Fi Alliance, for wireless networks (WLANs). It operates in the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands,^[9] with an extended version, Wi-Fi 6E, that adds the 6 GHz band.^[10] It is an upgrade from Wi-Fi 5 (802.11ac), with improvements for better performance in crowded places. Wi-Fi 6 covers frequencies in license-exempt bands between 1 and 7.125 GHz, including the commonly used 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz, as well as the broader 6 GHz band.^[11]

Wi-Fi 6

Logo used by the Wi-Fi Alliance for Wi-Fi 6
Introduced	1 September 2020; 4 years ago (2020-09-01)
Compatible hardware	Personal computers, gaming consoles, smart devices, televisions, printers, security cameras

Wi-Fi generations

• v
• t
• e

Generation	IEEE standard	Adopted	Maximum link rate (Mb/s)	Radio frequency (GHz)
(Wi-Fi 0*)	802.11	1997	1–2	2.4
(Wi-Fi 1*)	802.11b	1999	1–11	2.4
(Wi-Fi 2*)	802.11a	1999	6–54	5
(Wi-Fi 3*)	802.11g	2003		2.4
Wi-Fi 4	802.11n	2009	6.5–600	2.4, 5
Wi-Fi 5	802.11ac	2013	6.5–6933	5[lower-alpha 1]
Wi-Fi 6	802.11ax	2021	0.4–9608[1]	2.4, 5
Wi-Fi 6E				2.4, 5, 6[lower-alpha 2]
Wi-Fi 7	802.11be	exp. 2024	0.4–23,059	2.4, 5, 6[2]
Wi-Fi 8	802.11bn	exp. 2028[3]	100,000[4]	2.4, 5, 6[5]
*Wi‑Fi 0, 1, 2, and 3 are named by retroactive inference. They do not exist in the official nomenclature.[6][7][8]

This standard aims to boost data speed (throughput-per-area^{[lower-alpha 3]}) in crowded places like offices and malls. Though the nominal data rate is only 37%^[12] better than 802.11ac, the total network speed increases by 300%,^[13] making it more efficient and reducing latency by 75%.^[14] The quadrupling of overall throughput is made possible by a higher spectral efficiency.

802.11ax Wi-Fi has a main feature called OFDMA, similar to how cell technology works with Wi-Fi.^[12] This brings better spectrum use, improved power control to avoid interference, and enhancements like 1024‑QAM, MIMO and MU-MIMO for faster speeds. There are also reliability improvements such as lower power consumption and security protocols like Target Wake Time and WPA3.

The 802.11ax standard was approved on September 1, 2020, with Draft 8 getting 95% approval. Subsequently, on February 1, 2021, the standard received official endorsement from the IEEE Standards Board.^[15]

Rate set

Modulation and coding schemes

MCS index [lower-roman 1]	Modulation type	Coding rate	Data rate (Mbit/s)[lower-roman 2]
			Channel width (MHz)
			20		40		80		160
			Guard Interval (µs)
			1.6	0.8	1.6	0.8	1.6	0.8	1.6	0.8
0	BPSK	1/2	8	8.6	16	17.2	34	36.0	68	72
1	QPSK	1/2	16	17.2	33	34.4	68	72.1	136	144
2	QPSK	3/4	24	25.8	49	51.6	102	108.1	204	216
3	16-QAM	1/2	33	34.4	65	68.8	136	144.1	272	282
4	16-QAM	3/4	49	51.6	98	103.2	204	216.2	408	432
5	64-QAM	2/3	65	68.8	130	137.6	272	288.2	544	576
6	64-QAM	3/4	73	77.4	146	154.9	306	324.4	613	649
7	64-QAM	5/6	81	86.0	163	172.1	340	360.3	681	721
8	256-QAM	3/4	98	103.2	195	206.5	408	432.4	817	865
9	256-QAM	5/6	108	114.7	217	229.4	453	480.4	907	961
10	1024-QAM	3/4	122	129.0	244	258.1	510	540.4	1021	1081
11	1024-QAM	5/6	135	143.4	271	286.8	567	600.5	1134	1201

Notes

1. MCS 9 is not applicable to all combinations of channel width and spatial stream count.
2. Per spatial stream.

OFDMA

In 802.11ac (802.11's previous amendment), multi-user MIMO was introduced, which is a spatial multiplexing technique. MU-MIMO allows the access point to form beams towards each client, while transmitting information simultaneously. By doing so, the interference between clients is reduced, and the overall throughput is increased, since multiple clients can receive data simultaneously.

With 802.11ax, a similar multiplexing is introduced in the frequency domain: OFDMA. With OFDMA, multiple clients are assigned to different Resource Units in the available spectrum. By doing so, an 80 MHz channel can be split into multiple Resource Units, so that multiple clients receive different types of data over the same spectrum, simultaneously.

To support OFDMA, 802.11ax needs four times as many subcarriers as 802.11ac. Specifically, for 20, 40, 80, and 160 MHz channels, the 802.11ac standard has, respectively, 64, 128, 256 and 512 subcarriers while the 802.11ax standard has 256, 512, 1024, and 2048 subcarriers. Since the available bandwidths have not changed and the number of subcarriers increases by a factor of four, the subcarrier spacing is reduced by the same factor. This introduces OFDM symbols that are four times longer: in 802.11ac, an OFDM symbol takes 3.2 microseconds to transmit. In 802.11ax, it takes 12.8 microseconds (both without guard intervals).

Technical improvements

The 802.11ax amendment brings several key improvements over 802.11ac. 802.11ax addresses frequency bands between 1 GHz and 6 GHz.^[16] Therefore, unlike 802.11ac, 802.11ax also operates in the unlicensed 2.4 GHz band. Wi-Fi 6E introduces operation at frequencies of or near 6 GHz, and superwide channels that are 160 MHz wide,^[17] the frequency ranges these channels can occupy and the number of these channels depends on the country the Wi-Fi 6 network operates in.^[18] To meet the goal of supporting dense 802.11 deployments, the following features have been approved.

Feature	802.11ac	802.11ax	Comment
OFDMA	not available	Centrally controlled medium access with dynamic assign­ment of 26, 52, 106, 242(?), 484(?), or 996(?) tones per station. Each tone consists of a single subcarrier of 78.125 kHz bandwidth. Therefore, bandwidth occupied by a single OFDMA transmission is between 2.03125 MHz and ca. 80 MHz bandwidth.	OFDMA segregates the spectrum in time-frequency resource units (RUs). A central coordinating entity (the AP in 802.11ax) assigns RUs for reception or transmission to associated stations. Through the central scheduling of the RUs, contention overhead can be avoided, which increases efficiency in scenarios of dense deployments.
Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO)	Available in Downlink direction	Available in Downlink and Uplink direction	With downlink MU-MIMO an AP may transmit concurrently to multiple stations and with uplink MU-MIMO an AP may simultaneously receive from multiple stations. Whereas OFDMA separates receivers to different RUs, with MU-MIMO the devices are separated to different spatial streams. In 802.11ax, MU-MIMO and OFDMA technologies can be used simultaneously. To enable uplink MU transmissions, the AP transmits a new control frame (Trigger) which contains scheduling information (RUs allocations for stations, modulation and coding scheme (MCS) that shall be used for each station). Furthermore, Trigger also provides synchronization for an uplink transmission, since the transmission starts SIFS after the end of Trigger.
Trigger-based Random Access	not available	Allows performing UL OFDMA transmissions by stations which are not allocated RUs directly.	In Trigger frame, the AP specifies scheduling information about subsequent UL MU transmission. However, several RUs can be assigned for random access. Stations which are not assigned RUs directly can perform transmissions within RUs assigned for random access. To reduce collision probability (i.e. situation when two or more stations select the same RU for transmission), the 802.11ax amendment specifies special OFDMA back-off procedure. Random access is favorable for transmitting buffer status reports when the AP has no information about pending UL traffic at a station.
Spatial frequency reuse	not available	Coloring enables devices to differentiate transmissions in their own network from trans­missions in neighboring net­works. Adaptive power and sensitivity thresholds allows dynamically adjusting transmit power and signal detection threshold to increase spatial reuse.	Without spatial reuse capabilities devices refuse transmitting concurrently to transmissions ongoing in other, neighboring networks. With basic service set coloring (BSS coloring), a wireless transmission is marked at its very beginning, helping surrounding devices to decide if a simultaneous use of the wireless medium is permissible. A station is allowed to consider the wireless medium as idle and start a new transmission even if the detected signal level from a neighboring network exceeds legacy signal detection threshold, provided that the transmit power for the new transmission is appropriately decreased.
NAV	Single NAV	Dual NAVs	In dense deployment scenarios, NAV value set by a frame originated from one network may be easily reset by a frame originated from another network, which leads to misbehavior and collisions. To avoid this, each 802.11ax station will maintain two separate NAVs — one NAV is modified by frames originated from a network the station is associated with, the other NAV is modified by frames originated from overlapped networks.
Target Wake Time (TWT)	not available	TWT reduces power consumption and medium access contention.	TWT is a concept developed in 802.11ah. It allows devices to wake up at other periods than the beacon transmission period. Furthermore, the AP may group devices to different TWT periods, thereby reducing the number of devices contending simultaneously for the wireless medium.
Fragmentation	Static	Dynamic	With static fragmentation, all fragments of a data packet are of equal size, except for the last fragment. With dynamic fragmentation, a device may fill available RUs of other opportunities to transmit up to the available maximum duration. Thus, dynamic fragmentation helps reduce overhead.
Guard interval duration	0.4 or 0.8 μs	0.8, 1.6 or 3.2 μs	Extended guard interval durations allow for better protection against signal delay spread as it occurs in outdoor environments.
Symbol duration	3.2 μs	12.8 μs	Since the subcarrier spacing is reduced by a factor of four, the OFDM symbol duration is increased by a factor of four as well. Extended symbol durations allow for increased efficiency.[19]
Frequency bands	5 GHz only	2.4 and 5 GHz	802.11ac falls back to 802.11n for the 2.4 GHz band.

Notes

1. 802.11ac only specifies operation in the 5 GHz band. Operation in the 2.4 GHz band is specified by 802.11n.
2. Wi-Fi 6E is the industry name that identifies Wi-Fi devices that operate in 6 GHz. Wi-Fi 6E offers the features and capabilities of Wi-Fi 6 extended into the 6 GHz band.
3. Throughput-per-area, as defined by IEEE, is the ratio of the total network throughput to the network area.^[12]

Comparison

v t e 802.11 network standards
Frequency range, or type	PHY	Protocol	Release date[20]	Freq­uency	Bandwidth	Stream data rate[21]	Max. MIMO streams	Modulation	Approx. range
									In­door	Out­door
				(GHz)	(MHz)	(Mbit/s)
1–7 GHz	DSSS[22], FHSS[upper-alpha 1]	802.11-1997	June 1997	2.4	22	1, 2	—	DSSS, FHSS[upper-alpha 1]	20 m (66 ft)	100 m (330 ft)
	HR/DSSS[22]	802.11b	September 1999	2.4	22	1, 2, 5.5, 11	—	CCK, DSSS	35 m (115 ft)	140 m (460 ft)
	OFDM	802.11a	September 1999	5	5, 10, 20	6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 (for 20 MHz bandwidth, divide by 2 and 4 for 10 and 5 MHz)	—	OFDM	35 m (115 ft)	120 m (390 ft)
		802.11j	November 2004	4.9, 5.0 [upper-alpha 2][23]					?	?
		802.11y	November 2008	3.7[upper-alpha 3]					?	5,000 m (16,000 ft)[upper-alpha 3]
		802.11p	July 2010	5.9					200 m	1,000 m (3,300 ft)[24]
		802.11bd	December 2022	5.9, 60					500 m	1,000 m (3,300 ft)
	ERP-OFDM[25]	802.11g	June 2003	2.4					38 m (125 ft)	140 m (460 ft)
	HT-OFDM[26]	802.11n (Wi-Fi 4)	October 2009	2.4, 5	20	Up to 288.8[upper-alpha 4]	4	MIMO-OFDM (64-QAM)	70 m (230 ft)	250 m (820 ft)[27]
					40	Up to 600[upper-alpha 4]
	VHT-OFDM[26]	802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5)	December 2013	5	20	Up to 693[upper-alpha 4]	8	DL MU-MIMO OFDM (256-QAM)	35 m (115 ft)[28]	?
					40	Up to 1600[upper-alpha 4]
					80	Up to 3467[upper-alpha 4]
					160	Up to 6933[upper-alpha 4]
	HE-OFDMA	802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6, Wi-Fi 6E)	May 2021	2.4, 5, 6	20	Up to 1147[upper-alpha 5]	8	UL/DL MU-MIMO OFDMA (1024-QAM)	30 m (98 ft)	120 m (390 ft)[upper-alpha 6]
					40	Up to 2294[upper-alpha 5]
					80	Up to 5.5 Gbit/s[upper-alpha 5]
					80+80	Up to 11.0 Gbit/s[upper-alpha 5]
	EHT-OFDMA	802.11be (Wi-Fi 7)	Sep 2024 (est.)	2.4, 5, 6	80	Up to 11.5 Gbit/s[upper-alpha 5]	16	UL/DL MU-MIMO OFDMA (4096-QAM)	30 m (98 ft)	120 m (390 ft)[upper-alpha 6]
					160 (80+80)	Up to 23 Gbit/s[upper-alpha 5]
					240 (160+80)	Up to 35 Gbit/s[upper-alpha 5]
					320 (160+160)	Up to 46.1 Gbit/s[upper-alpha 5]
	UHR	802.11bn (Wi-Fi 8)	May 2028 (est.)	2.4, 5, 6, 42, 60, 71	320	Up to 100000 (100 Gbit/s)	16	Multi-link MU-MIMO OFDM (8192-QAM)	?	?
	WUR[upper-alpha 7]	802.11ba	October 2021	2.4, 5	4, 20	0.0625, 0.25 (62.5 kbit/s, 250 kbit/s)	—	OOK (multi-carrier OOK)	?	?
mmWave (WiGig)	DMG[29]	802.11ad	December 2012	60	2160 (2.16 GHz)	Up to 8085[30] (8 Gbit/s)	—	OFDM,[upper-alpha 1] single carrier, low-power single carrier[upper-alpha 1]	3.3 m (11 ft)[31]	?
		802.11aj	April 2018	60[upper-alpha 8]	1080[32]	Up to 3754 (3.75 Gbit/s)	—	single carrier, low-power single carrier[upper-alpha 1]	?	?
	CMMG	802.11aj	April 2018	45[upper-alpha 8]	540, 1080	Up to 15015[33] (15 Gbit/s)	4[34]	OFDM, single carrier	?	?
	EDMG[35]	802.11ay	July 2021	60	Up to 8640 (8.64 GHz)	Up to 303336[36] (303 Gbit/s)	8	OFDM, single carrier	10 m (33 ft)	100 m (328 ft)
Sub 1 GHz (IoT)	TVHT[37]	802.11af	February 2014	0.054– 0.79	6, 7, 8	Up to 568.9[38]	4	MIMO-OFDM	?	?
	S1G[37]	802.11ah	May 2017	0.7, 0.8, 0.9	1–16	Up to 8.67[39] (@2 MHz)	4		?	?
Light (Li-Fi)	LC (VLC/OWC)	802.11bb	December 2023 (est.)	800–1000 nm	20	Up to 9.6 Gbit/s	—	O-OFDM	?	?
	IR[upper-alpha 1] (IrDA)	802.11-1997	June 1997	850–900 nm	?	1, 2	—	PPM[upper-alpha 1]	?	?
802.11 Standard rollups
		802.11-2007 (802.11ma)	March 2007	2.4, 5		Up to 54		DSSS, OFDM
		802.11-2012 (802.11mb)	March 2012	2.4, 5		Up to 150[upper-alpha 4]		DSSS, OFDM
		802.11-2016 (802.11mc)	December 2016	2.4, 5, 60		Up to 866.7 or 6757[upper-alpha 4]		DSSS, OFDM
		802.11-2020 (802.11md)	December 2020	2.4, 5, 60		Up to 866.7 or 6757[upper-alpha 4]		DSSS, OFDM
		802.11me	September 2024 (est.)	2.4, 5, 6, 60		Up to 9608 or 303336		DSSS, OFDM
This is obsolete, and support for this might be subject to removal in a future revision of the standard For Japanese regulation. IEEE 802.11y-2008 extended operation of 802.11a to the licensed 3.7 GHz band. Increased power limits allow a range up to 5,000 m. As of 2009[update], it is only being licensed in the United States by the FCC. Based on short guard interval; standard guard interval is ~10% slower. Rates vary widely based on distance, obstructions, and interference. For single-user cases only, based on default guard interval which is 0.8 microseconds. Since multi-user via OFDMA has become available for 802.11ax, these may decrease. Also, these theoretical values depend on the link distance, whether the link is line-of-sight or not, interferences and the multi-path components in the environment. The default guard interval is 0.8 microseconds. However, 802.11ax extended the maximum available guard interval to 3.2 microseconds, in order to support Outdoor communications, where the maximum possible propagation delay is larger compared to Indoor environments. Wake-up Radio (WUR) Operation. For Chinese regulation.

References

1. "MCS table (updated with 80211ax data rates)". semfionetworks.com.
2. "Understanding Wi-Fi 4/5/6/6E/7". wiisfi.com.
3. Reshef, Ehud; Cordeiro, Carlos (2023). "Future Directions for Wi-Fi 8 and Beyond". IEEE Communications Magazine. 60 (10). IEEE. doi:10.1109/MCOM.003.2200037. Retrieved 2024-05-21.
4. "What is Wi-Fi 8?". everythingrf.com. March 25, 2023. Retrieved January 21, 2024.
5. Giordano, Lorenzo; Geraci, Giovanni; Carrascosa, Marc; Bellalta, Boris (November 21, 2023). "What Will Wi-Fi 8 Be? A Primer on IEEE 802.11bn Ultra High Reliability". arXiv:2303.10442.
6. Kastrenakes, Jacob (2018-10-03). "Wi-Fi Now Has Version Numbers, and Wi-Fi 6 Comes Out Next Year". The Verge. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
7. Phillips, Gavin (18 January 2021). "The Most Common Wi-Fi Standards and Types, Explained". MUO - Make Use Of. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
8. "Wi-Fi Generation Numbering". ElectronicsNotes. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
9. "Generational Wi-Fi® User Guide" (PDF). Wi-Fi Alliance. October 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
10. "Wi-Fi 6E expands Wi-Fi® into 6 GHz" (PDF). Wi-Fi Alliance. January 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
11. "FCC Opens 6 GHz Band to Wi-Fi and Other Unlicensed Uses". www.fcc.gov. 24 April 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
12. Khorov, Evgeny; Kiryanov, Anton; Lyakhov, Andrey; Bianchi, Giuseppe (2019). "A Tutorial on IEEE 802.11ax High Efficiency WLANs". IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. 21 (1): 197–216. doi:10.1109/COMST.2018.2871099.
13. Aboul-Magd, Osama (17 March 2014). "802.11 HEW SG Proposed PAR" (DOCX). IEEE. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
14. Goodwins, Rupert (3 October 2018). "Next-generation 802.11ax wi-fi: Dense, fast, delayed". ZDNet. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
15. "IEEE 802.11, The Working Group Setting the Standards for Wireless LANs". www.ieee802.org. Retrieved 2022-01-07.
16. Aboul-Magd, Osama (2014-01-24). "P802.11ax" (PDF). IEEE-SA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-10-10. Retrieved 2017-01-14. 2 page PDF download
17. "Wi-Fi CERTIFIED 6 | Wi-Fi Alliance".
18. "Wi-Fi 6E and 6 GHz Update" (PDF). www.wi-fi.org. 2021-03-11.
19. Porat, Ron; Fischer, Matthew; Venkateswaran, Sriram; et al. (2015-01-12). "Payload Symbol Size for 11ax". IEEE P802.11. Retrieved 2017-01-14.
20. "Official IEEE 802.11 working group project timelines". January 26, 2017. Retrieved 2017-02-12.
21. "Wi-Fi CERTIFIED n: Longer-Range, Faster-Throughput, Multimedia-Grade Wi-Fi Networks" (PDF). Wi-Fi Alliance. September 2009.
22. Banerji, Sourangsu; Chowdhury, Rahul Singha. "On IEEE 802.11: Wireless LAN Technology". arXiv:1307.2661.
23. "The complete family of wireless LAN standards: 802.11 a, b, g, j, n" (PDF).
24. The Physical Layer of the IEEE 802.11p WAVE Communication Standard: The Specifications and Challenges (PDF). World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science. 2014.
25. IEEE Standard for Information Technology- Telecommunications and Information Exchange Between Systems- Local and Metropolitan Area Networks- Specific Requirements Part Ii: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications. (n.d.). doi:10.1109/ieeestd.2003.94282
26. "Wi-Fi Capacity Analysis for 802.11ac and 802.11n: Theory & Practice" (PDF).
27. Belanger, Phil; Biba, Ken (2007-05-31). "802.11n Delivers Better Range". Wi-Fi Planet. Archived from the original on 2008-11-24.
28. "IEEE 802.11ac: What Does it Mean for Test?" (PDF). LitePoint. October 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-16.
29. "IEEE Standard for Information Technology". IEEE Std 802.11aj-2018. April 2018. doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.2018.8345727.
30. "802.11ad - WLAN at 60 GHz: A Technology Introduction" (PDF). Rohde & Schwarz GmbH. November 21, 2013. p. 14.
31. "Connect802 - 802.11ac Discussion". www.connect802.com.
32. "Understanding IEEE 802.11ad Physical Layer and Measurement Challenges" (PDF).
33. "802.11aj Press Release".
34. "An Overview of China Millimeter-Wave Multiple Gigabit Wireless Local Area Network System". IEICE Transactions on Communications. E101.B (2): 262–276. 2018. doi:10.1587/transcom.2017ISI0004.
35. "IEEE 802.11ay: 1st real standard for Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) via mmWave – Technology Blog". techblog.comsoc.org.
36. "P802.11 Wireless LANs". IEEE. pp. 2, 3. Archived from the original on 2017-12-06. Retrieved Dec 6, 2017.
37. "802.11 Alternate PHYs A whitepaper by Ayman Mukaddam" (PDF).
38. "TGaf PHY proposal". IEEE P802.11. 2012-07-10. Retrieved 2013-12-29.
39. "IEEE 802.11ah: A Long Range 802.11 WLAN at Sub 1 GHz" (PDF). Journal of ICT Standardization. 1 (1): 83–108. July 2013. doi:10.13052/jicts2245-800X.115.

External links

• Evgeny Khorov, Anton Kiryanov, Andrey Lyakhov, Giuseppe Bianchi. 'A Tutorial on IEEE 802.11ax High Efficiency WLANs', IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 197–216, First quarter 2019. doi:10.1109/COMST.2018.2871099
• Bellalta, Boris (2015). "IEEE 802.11ax: High-Efficiency WLANs". IEEE Wireless Communications. 23: 38–46. arXiv:1501.01496. doi:10.1109/MWC.2016.7422404. S2CID 15023432.
• Shein, Esther (November 30, 2021). "Deloitte: Don't rule out Wi-Fi 6 as a next-generation wireless network". TechRepublic. Archived from the original on 2022-01-19.