Uterine fibroids are leiomyomata of the uterine smooth muscle. Uterine leiomyoma are the most common benign pelvic tumor found with women. Uterine fibroids can be connected to medical disorders such as excessive menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia), which often causes anemia, infertility, preterm labor, painful menstrual cycles, and heavy pressure in the pelvic area.[1] Uterine leiomyoma consists of collagen, fibronectin, and proteoglycan with a thin pseudo capsule surrounding it[2]. Leiomyomata often times cause malformations of the pelvic area or uterine cavity due to the enlargement or growth of the leiomyomata. Numerous factors such as race, pathophysiology, size, location and clinical symptomatology that are associate with uterine fibroids all contribute to the placement and development of the disease as well as the diagnosis. As a majority of uterine fibroids are benign, that does not nullify that there are facets of this disease that are malignant.[3]
A rare form of these tumors is uterine lipoleiomyoma—benign tumors consisting of a mixture of adipocytes and smooth muscle cells. Uterine lipoleiomyomata have been observed together with ovarian and other pathologies and some of them may develop into liposarcoma.[4][5] These tumors are monoclonal, and non-random chromosomal abnormalities have been seen in 40% of the tumors.
Mesenchymal neoplasms of the gallbladder are rare and in particular leiomyomas of the gallbladder have been rarely reported, all of them in patients with immune system disorders. Although, recently, a case was reported in absence of associated immunodeficiency at Monash Hospital in Melbourne Australia in a healthy 39-year-old woman with no symptoms.[6]
Leiomyomas of the skin are generally (1) acquired, and (2) divided into several categories:[7][8]
Leiomyoma is the most common benign mesenchymal tumor of esophagus and second most common benign tumor of the small bowel (with gastrointestinal stromal tumor as most common).[9] Although leiomyoma is the most common benign esophageal tumor, malignant carcinoma is still 50 times more likely.[10] Approximately 50% of cases are found in the jejunum, followed by the ileum in 31% of cases. Almost one half of all lesions are less than 5 centimeters.[11]
Metastatic leiomyoma are an extremely rare complication after surgery to remove the uterus for uterine fibroids. The most frequent sites of occurrence are the lungs and pelvis. The lesions are hormonally responsive.[12][13][14]
Fibromyoma of the breast is an extremely rare benign breast neoplasm. Most reports in literature mention a history of hysterectomy for uterine fibroids, although the question of whether these fibromyomas are possibly metastases of the uterine fibroids has not been investigated. An alternative hypothesis is an origin from the smooth muscle of the nipple.
Leiomyoma may spontaneously occur in any muscle. Depending on the location of the tumor, identification may not be timely until overall mass becomes undeniably noticeable. The symptoms for a 30 year old male with a 10cm leiomyoma included "dead leg" pains. Tumor was intertwined with quadricep muscles, making identification and excision difficult. Tumor was successfully excised with only minor rehabilitation required.[citation needed]
Associated with papillary variant of renal cell carcinoma and multiple cutaneous leiomyoma. Defect is in the fumarate hydratase gene in the long arm of chromosome 1.
Pedeutour, F.; Quade, B. J.; Sornberger, K.; Tallini, G.; Ligon, A. H.; Weremowicz, S.; Morton, C. C. (2000). "Dysregulation ofHMGIC in a uterine lipoleiomyoma with a complex rearrangement including chromosomes 7, 12, and 14". Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer. 27 (2): 209–215. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2264(200002)27:2<209::AID-GCC14>3.0.CO;2-U. PMID10612811.
McDonald, A. G.; Cin, P. D.; Ganguly, A.; Campbell, S.; Imai, Y.; Rosenberg, A. E.; Oliva, E. (2011). "Liposarcoma Arising in Uterine Lipoleiomyoma". The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 35 (2): 221–227. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e31820414f7. PMID21263242.
Freedberg, Irwin M.; Fitzpatrick, Thomas B. (2003). Fitzpatrick's dermatology in general medicine (6thed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division. p.1033. ISBN0-07-138076-0.
Radiologic Pathology Archives: Esophageal Neoplasms: Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation Rachel B. Lewis, Anupamjit K. Mehrotra, Pablo Rodriguez, and Marc S. Levine. RadioGraphics 2013 33:4, 1083-1108. Accessed 2017-07-08
Radiologic Pathology Archives: Esophageal Neoplasms: Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation Rachel B. Lewis, Anupamjit K. Mehrotra, Pablo Rodriguez, and Marc S. Levine. RadioGraphics 2013 33:4, 1083-1108. Accessed 2017-07-08
Beck, M. M.; Biswas, B.; d'Souza, A.; Kumar, R. (2012). "Benign metastasising leiomyoma after hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy". Hong Kong medical [Xianggang yi xue za zhi / Hong Kong Academy of Medicine]. 18 (2): 153–155. PMID22477740.
Uterine fibroids are leiomyomata of the uterine smooth muscle. As other leiomyomata, they are benign, but may lead to excessive menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia), often cause anemia and may lead to infertility. Factors such as race, pathophysiology, size, location and clinical symptomatology that are associate with uterine fibroids all contribute to the placement and development of the disease as well as the diagnosis. As a majority of uterine fibroids are benign, that does not say that there aren't facets of this disease that are malignant. [1]