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The politics of Uganda occurs in an authoritarian context. Since assuming office in 1986 at the end of the Ugandan civil war, Yoweri Museveni has ruled Uganda as an autocrat.[1][2] Political parties were banned from 1986 to 2006 in the wake of the 2005 Ugandan multi-party referendum which was won by pro-democracy forces.[1] Since 2006, Museveni has used legal means, patronage, and violence to maintain power.[1]
Under the Ugandan constitution, Uganda is a presidential republic in which the President is the head of state and the prime minister is the head of government business. There is a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is given to both the government and the National Assembly. The system is based on a democratic parliamentary system with equal rights for all citizens over 18 years of age. The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Uganda a "hybrid regime" in 2022.[3][needs update]
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After taking power after a five-year civil war in 1986, the authoritarian Yoweri Museveni regime banned political parties from campaigning in elections or field candidates directly (although electoral candidates could belong to political parties). A constitutional referendum canceled this 19-year ban on multi-party politics in July 2005.[citation needed]
Presidential elections were held in February 2006. Museveni ran against several candidates, of whom the most prominent was the exiled Dr. Kizza Besigye. Museveni was declared the winner. Besigye alleged fraud, and rejected the result. The Supreme Court of Uganda ruled that the election was marred by intimidation, violence, voter disenfranchisement, and other irregularities. However, the Court voted 4-3 to uphold the results of the election.[4]
| Office | Name | Party | Since |
|---|---|---|---|
| President | Yoweri Museveni | National Resistance Movement | 26 January 1986 |
| Prime Minister | Robinah Nabbanja | National Resistance Movement | 21 June 2021 |
The head of state in Uganda is the President, who is elected by a popular vote to a five-year term. This is currently Yoweri Museveni, who is also the head of the armed forces. The previous presidential elections were in February 2011, and in the election of February 2016, Museveni was elected with 68 percent of the vote. The cabinet is appointed by the president from among the elected legislators. The prime minister of Uganda, Robina Nabbanja, assists the president in the supervision of the cabinet.[citation needed]
The Cabinet of Uganda, according to the Constitution of Uganda, "shall consist of the President, the Vice President and such number of Ministers as may appear to the President to be reasonably necessary for the efficient running of the State."[5][6]
The below are the ministries in Uganda:[7]
The most recent presidential elections in Uganda were held on 14 January 2021 featuring 11 aspirants comprising 10 men and 1 woman.
The announced but contested results are as follows;
| Candidates' Names | Votes | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Amuriat Oboi Patrick | 337,589 | 3.26% |
| Kabuleta Kiiza Joseph | 45,424 | 0.44% |
| Kalembe Nancy Linda | 38,772 | 0.37% |
| Katumba John | 37,554 | 0.36% |
| Robert Kyagulanyi Ssentamu | 3,631,437 | 35.08% |
| Mao Norbert | 57,682 | 0.56% |
| Mayambala Willy | 15,014 | 0.15% |
| Mugisha Muntu Gregg | 67,574 | 0.65% |
| Mwesigye Fred | 25,483 | 0.25% |
| Tumukunde Henry Kakurugu | 51,392 | 0.50% |
| Yoweri Museveni | 6,042,898 | 58.38% |
| Invalid Votes | 393,500 | 3.66% |
| Valid Votes | 10,350,819 |
Source: Uganda Electoral Commission[8]
In 2021, the pop star-turned-politician Bobi Wine (also known as Robert Kyagulanyi Sentamu), challenged the election results in the country's highest court (Supreme Court) seeking to over-turn Museveni's victory.[9] The highly contested elections was marred with violence, the European Parliament voiced outrage, condemnation and for sanctions against individuals and organisations responsible for human rights violations in Uganda.[10]
The results of the most recent presidential election from 2021 are as below:
| Candidate | Party | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yoweri Museveni | National Resistance Movement | 6,042,898 | 58.38 | |
| Bobi Wine | National Unity Platform | 3,631,437 | 35.08 | |
| Patrick Amuriat | Forum for Democratic Change | 337,589 | 3.26 | |
| Mugisha Muntu | Alliance for National Transformation | 67,574 | 0.65 | |
| Norbert Mao | Democratic Party | 57,682 | 0.56 | |
| Henry Tumukunde | Independent | 51,392 | 0.50 | |
| Joseph Kabuleta | Independent | 45,424 | 0.44 | |
| Nancy Kalembe | Independent | 38,772 | 0.37 | |
| John Katumba | Independent | 37,554 | 0.36 | |
| Fred Mwesigye | Independent | 25,483 | 0.25 | |
| Willy Mayambala | Independent | 15,014 | 0.15 | |
| Total | 10,350,819 | 100.00 | ||
| Valid votes | 10,350,819 | 96.34 | ||
| Invalid/blank votes | 393,500 | 3.66 | ||
| Total votes | 10,744,319 | 100.00 | ||
| Registered voters/turnout | 18,103,603 | 59.35 | ||
| Source: ECU | ||||
The results of the most recent parliamentary election from 2021 are as below:
 | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Constituency | Women | Seats | |||||||||
| Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Appointed | Total | +/– | ||||
| National Resistance Movement | 4,158,934 | 41.60 | 218 | 4,532,814 | 44.81 | 101 | 17 | 336 | +42 | |||
| National Unity Platform | 1,347,929 | 13.48 | 43 | 1,607,425 | 15.89 | 14 | 0 | 57 | New | |||
| Forum for Democratic Change | 729,247 | 7.29 | 24 | 674,154 | 6.66 | 8 | 0 | 32 | –4 | |||
| Democratic Party | 245,248 | 2.45 | 8 | 181,364 | 1.79 | 1 | 0 | 9 | –6 | |||
| Uganda People's Congress | 180,313 | 1.80 | 7 | 229,884 | 2.27 | 2 | 0 | 9 | +3 | |||
| Alliance for National Transformation | 72,018 | 0.72 | 0 | 82,318 | 0.81 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | |||
| Justice Forum | 24,843 | 0.25 | 1 | 22,625 | 0.22 | 0 | 0 | 1 | +1 | |||
| People's Progressive Party | 10,076 | 0.10 | 1 | 0 | 1 | +1 | ||||||
| Uganda Economic Party | 6,199 | 0.06 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||
| Ecological Party of Uganda | 4,287 | 0.04 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||
| Conservative Party | 1,071 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Social Democratic Party | 719 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Forum for Integrity in Leadership | 122 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||
| Congress Service Volunteers Organisation | 68 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||
| Independents | 3,217,480 | 32.18 | 51 | 2,785,676 | 27.54 | 20 | 3 | 74 | +8 | |||
| Uganda People's Defence Force | 10 | 10 | 0 | |||||||||
| Total | 9,998,554 | 100.00 | 353 | 10,116,260 | 100.00 | 146 | 30 | 529 | +103 | |||
| Source: Electoral Commission | ||||||||||||
The Ugandan judiciary operates as an independent branch of government and consists of magistrate's courts, high courts, courts of appeal (which organizes itself as the Constitutional Court of Uganda when hearing constitutional issues), and the Supreme Court. Judges for the High Court are appointed by the president; Judges for the Court of Appeal are appointed by the president and approved by the legislature.[citation needed]
A fight between the Ugandan and Libyan presidential guards sparked chaos during a ceremony attended by the heads of state from 11 African nations on March 19, 2008.[11]
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