Special routes of U.S. Route 74

Several special routes of U.S. Route 74 exist. In order from west to east they are as follows.

Special routes of U.S. Route 74
Highway system
United States Numbered Highway System List Special Divided

Existing

Asheville–Forest City alternate route

Main article: U.S. Route 74 Alternate (Asheville–Forest City, North Carolina)

U.S. Highway 74A
Location	Asheville–Forest City, NC
Length	60 mi[1] (97 km)
Existed	1994–present

U.S. Route 74 Alternate (US 74A) was established in 1994, replaced the old mainline US 74 route when US 74 was moved onto the Solon David Smart Memorial Highway and I-26. The alignment of US 74A varies greatly from the current parent route. US 74A traverses through downtown Asheville, goes through the mountain resort communities of Chimney Rock and Lake Lure, continues to Ruth, passes between the towns of Rutherfordton and Spindale, and bypasses Forest City to the south. US 74, joins I-40 eastbound west of Asheville, and switches onto I-26 eastbound through Fletcher, bypassing most of urban Asheville. Continuing along a southeasterly course, the parent US 74 passes by Hendersonville and splits from I-26 at Columbus; after passing south of Rutherfordton, US 74 meets the eastern terminus of US 74A.^[2]

US 74A is concurrent with US 64 from Ruth in the east through Lake Lure, where NC 9 joins, and Chimney Rock; the three routes separate in Bat Cave. NC 9 splits to the north, US 64 to the south; US 74A alone continues west from that point. In Asheville, US 74A has many concurrencies; US 70 is concurrent with US 74A in east and downtown Asheville and Interstate 26, I-240, US 19/US 23 are concurrent with US 74A west of downtown. Near US 74A's western terminus, US 19/US 23 are concurrent with US 74A. NC 81 overlaps with US 74A for a short 1-mile (1.6 km) segment in southeast Asheville. Between Asheville and Gerton, US 74A bears the street name Charlotte Highway. East of Gerton, the road is named the Gerton Highway until arriving at Bat Cave. Through towns and cities, the road takes various names including Main Street and Railroad Avenue.

US 74A is overlapped by two North Carolina scenic byways: Drovers Road (Asheville to Bat Cave) and Black Mountain Rag (Bat Cave to Lake Lure).^[3]

Major junctions

County	Location	mi[1]	km	Exit	Destinations	Notes
Buncombe	Asheville	0.00	0.00		US 19 / US 23 south (Smokey Park Highway south) / I-40 / US 74 – Canton	Western end of US 19/US 23 concurrency; western terminus; I-40 exit 44; highway continues south as US 19/US 23.
		3.2	5.1		NC 63 north (Leicester Highway) – Leicester
		4.0	6.4		I-240 west to Future I-26 / I-40	Southern end of I-240/I-26 concurrency
		4.4	7.1	3B	Westgate Parkway / Resort Drive	Exit numbers follow I-240.
		4.8	7.7	4A	Future I-26 / US 70 west / US 19 / US 23 north – UNC Asheville, Weaverville, Woodfin	Northern end of I-26 and US 19/US 23 concurrencies; western end of US 70 concurrency
		5.0	8.0	4B	Patton Avenue – Downtown	No westbound exit
		5.5	8.9	4C	Montford Avenue / Haywood Street
		6.0	9.7	5A	US 25 (Merrimon Avenue)	Eastbound entrance includes direct entrance ramp from Woodfin Street.
		6.2	10.0		I-240 east – Oteen	Eastern end of I-240 concurrency; I-240 exit 5B
		6.5	10.5		NC 694 north (Town Mountain Road)	Southern terminus of NC 694
					Beaucatcher Tunnel
		7.5	12.1		I-240	I-240 exit 6; access to I-240 east via Chunns Cove Road
		8.0	12.9		US 70 east (Tunnel Road east)	Eastern end of US 70 concurrency
		8.7	14.0		NC 81 west (Swannanoa River Road west) – Biltmore Forest	Western end of NC 81 concurrency
		10.0	16.1		NC 81 east (Swannanoa River Road east) – Swannanoa	Eastern end of NC 81 concurrency
		10.5	16.9		I-240 west	Western end of I-240 concurrency; I-240 exit 8
		11.0	17.7		I-240 ends / I-40 – Statesville, Knoxville	Eastern end of I-240 concurrency; I-240 exit 9; I-40 exit 53
		11.8	19.0		Blue Ridge Parkway	Right-in/right-out interchange in both directions
Henderson	Bat Cave	28.7	46.2		NC 9 north – Black Mountain	Western end of NC 9 concurrency
		28.8	46.3		US 64 west – Hendersonville	Western end of US 64 concurrency
Rutherford	Lake Lure	36.0	57.9		NC 9 south – Mill Spring	Eastern end of NC 9 concurrency
	Rutherfordton	52.0	83.7		US 221 – Marion	Interchange
	Ruth	52.5	84.5		US 64 east – Morganton	Eastern end of US 64 concurrency
	Rutherfordton	54.0	86.9		US 74 Bus. / US 221A – Spindale, Forest City
	Spindale				Oakland Road Spindale	Interchange; eastbound signage Interchange; westbound signage
	Forest City	60.0	96.6		US 74 – Columbus, Asheville, Shelby	Interchange; eastern terminus
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi       Concurrency terminus       Incomplete access

Rutherfordton–Forest City business loop

U.S. Highway 74 Business
Location	Rutherfordton – Forest City, NC
Length	21.5 mi[4] (34.6 km)
Existed	1960–present

US 74 Business at the Cleveland/Rutherford County line

U.S. Route 74 Business (US 74 Bus) was established in 1960 as a renumbering of US 74A, it traversed along Washington Street and Charlotte Road in Rutherfordton. In December 1970, US 74 was extended east through Spindale, Forest City, and Ellenboro when US 74 was placed on new freeway bypass.^[5] In 1994, US 74 was moved south onto a new alignment towards Columbus, converting the old mainline into US 74A; as a result, US 74 Business was rerouted in Rutherfordton to go south in concurrency with US 221 to the US 74 freeway.^[6]

County	Location	mi[4]	km	Destinations	Notes
Rutherford	​	0.0	0.0	US 74 / US 221 south – Columbus, Shelby, Chesnee	South end of US 221 overlap
	Rutherfordton	5.3	8.5	US 221 north / US 221A / NC 108 west – Marion, Columbus	North end of US 221/US 221A overlap
		6.2	10.0	US 74A – Ruth, Forest City
	Forest City	11.4	18.3	US 221A south (Broadway Street)	South end of US 221A overlap
	​	12.8	20.6	Bostic Sunshine Highway – Bostic
Cleveland	​	20.1	32.3	NC 120 south – Cliffside
	Mooresboro	21.5	34.6	US 74 – Columbus, Shelby
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi       Concurrency terminus

Shelby business loop

U.S. Highway 74 Business
Location	Shelby, North Carolina
Length	6.2 mi[7] (10.0 km)
Existed	1960–present

U.S. Route 74 Business (US 74 Bus) was established in 1960 as a renumbering of US 74A, following Marion Street and Warren Street. In December 1971, the eastern portion of Warren Street was changed, forcing eastbound US 74 Business to be rerouted north on DeKalb Street then onto Marion Street.^[8]

The entire route is in Shelby, Cleveland County.

mi[7]	km	Destinations	Notes
0.0	0.0	US 74 / NC 226 – Forest City, Columbus, Polkville
1.5	2.4	NC 18 / NC 150 west (Lafayette Street) – Fallston	West end of NC 150 overlap
3.2	5.1	NC 150 east (Cherryville Road) – Cherryville	East end of NC 150 overlap
4.8	7.7	NC 180 (Post Road)
6.2	10.0	US 74 – Kings Mountain, Gastonia, Charlotte
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi       Concurrency terminus

Kings Mountain business loop

U.S. Highway 74 Business
Location	Kings Mountain, North Carolina
Length	5.4 mi[9] (8.7 km)
Existed	1984–present

U.S. Route 74 Business (US 74 Bus) was established in 1984, it was a renumbering of the old mainline US 74 through Kings Mountain. US 74 Business begins at US 74 west of Kings Mountain. The route is routed along Shelby Road into the town. US 74 Business runs through the downtown of area Kings Mountain before reaching US 74 again on the eastern side of Kings Mountain.

County	Location	mi[9]	km	Destinations	Notes
Cleveland	Kings Mountain	0.0	0.0	US 74 – Shelby, Gastonia
		2.0	3.2	Kings Mountain Boulevard
		4.0	6.4	NC 216 (Battleground Avenue) – Grover, Cherryville
		4.6	7.4	NC 161 (Cleveland Avenue) – Bessemer City, York
Gaston	​	5.4	8.7	US 74 east – Gastonia, Charlotte	Eastbound exit and westbound entrance
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi       Incomplete access

Monroe Expressway

Main article: Monroe Expressway

U.S. Highway 74 Bypass
Location	Stallings–Wingate, NC
Length	18.72 mi[10] (30.13 km)
Existed	2018–present

U.S. Route 74 Bypass (US 74 Byp.), also known as the Monroe Expressway, is a 18.72-mile (30.13 km) toll road that bypass north of Monroe, between Stallings and east of Wingate.^[11][12] The highway's purpose is to improve mobility and capacity along the US 74 corridor. At a cost of approximately $840 million and right-of-way acquisition already completed, construction was originally to begin in October 2012; however, because of several environmental issues and litigation, the project was delayed until May 2015.^[13][14] On November 27, 2018, the Monroe Expressway opened to traffic.^[15]

The Monroe Expressway uses all-electronic tolling, with tolls payable with valid transponder (NC Quick Pass, E-ZPass, Peach Pass or SunPass) or Bill by mail, which uses automatic license plate recognition. Tolls are collected per gantry, seven in total, which are located between each exit along the bypass. As of July 24, 2018, the total trip rate is $2.54 with valid transponder and $3.92 via bill by mail.^[16][17]

The entire route is in Union County.

Location	mi	km	Exit	Destinations	Notes
Stallings			—	US 74 west – Charlotte	Continuation as US 74
Hemby Bridge			257	Indian Trail–Fairview Road – Hemby Bridge, Indian Trail
Indian Trail			259	Unionville–Indian Trail Road – Lake Park
Monroe			260	Rocky River Road
			264	US 601 (Concord Highway) – Monroe, Concord
			266	NC 200 (Morgan Mill Road)
Wingate			270	Austin Chaney Road – Wingate
​	18.72	30.13	—	US 74 east – Rockingham	Continuation as US 74
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

Rockingham–Hamlet business loop

U.S. Highway 74 Business
Location	Rockingham – Hamlet, NC
Length	15.0 mi[18] (24.1 km)
Existed	2003–present

U.S. Route 74 Business (US 74 Bus) was established in 2003 as a renumbering of the mainline US 74 through Rockingham and Hamlet.^[19]

The entire route is in Richmond County.

Location	mi[18]	km	Destinations	Notes
​	0.0	0.0	US 74 / Future I-73 / Future I-74 – Laurinburg, Wadesboro
Rockingham	2.0	3.2	Cartledge Creek Road
	5.5	8.9	US 220 – Asheboro, Cheraw
	5.8	9.3	US 1 south (Hancock Street) – Cheraw
Hamlet	11.0	17.7	NC 177 (King Street) – Cheraw
	12.0	19.3	NC 38 south (Louis Breeden Boulevard) – Bennettsville
​	13.0	20.9	NC 381 south – Gibson
​	15.0	24.1	US 74 / Future I-74 east – Laurinburg	Eastbound exit and Westbound entrance
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi       Incomplete access

Laurinburg–Maxton business loop

U.S. Highway 74 Business
Location	Laurinburg – Maxton, NC
Length	12.4 mi[20] (20.0 km)
Existed	1967–present

U.S. Route 74 Business (US 74 Bus) was established in 1967 as a renumbering of mainline US 74 through Laurinburg. In 1984, it was extended east replacing mainline US 74 through Maxton.^[21]

County	Location	mi[20]	km	Destinations	Notes
Scotland	​	0.0	0.0	I-74 west / US 74 west – Hamlet, Rockingham	Westbound exit and eastbound entrance
	Laurinburg	1.3	2.1	NC 79 south (Gibson Road) – Gibson
		2.0	3.2	US 15 / US 401 / US 501 – Aberdeen, Raeford, McColl
		2.8	4.5	US 15 Bus. / US 401 Bus. / US 501 Bus. (Main Street)
	​	5.8	9.3	I-74 / US 74 – Hamlet, Rockingham, Whiteville
Robeson	Maxton	9.8	15.8	NC 71 north / NC 130 south (Patterson Street) – Red Springs, Raemon
	​	12.4	20.0	I-74 / US 74 / US 74 Alt. east – Laurinburg, Whiteville
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi       Incomplete access

Maxton–Lumberton alternate route

U.S. Highway 74 Alternate
Location	Maxton – Lumberton, NC
Length	15.5 mi[22] (24.9 km)
Existed	2007–present

U.S. Route 74 Alternate (US 74 Alt) was established in 2007 when mainline US 74 and I-74 were realigned to a new freeway south of the old route, between Maxton to near Lumberton.^[23][24] The route, just south of the banks of the Lumber River, goes through mostly farmland. In between, NC 710 connect travelers to Pembroke, where the University of North Carolina at Pembroke is located. Highway signs along the route are signed as "Alternate" or "ALT" above US 74; as opposed to US 74A, which is used in Western North Carolina.

The entire route is in Robeson County.

Location	mi[22]	km	Destinations	Notes
​	0.0	0.0	I-74 / US 74 / US 74 Bus. west – Maxton, Laurinburg
​	5.0	8.0	NC 710 – Pembroke, Rowland	To University of North Carolina at Pembroke
Lumberton	15.5	24.9	I-74 / US 74 – Whiteville, Wilmington
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

Chadbourn–Whiteville business loop

U.S. Highway 74 Business
Location	Chadbourn – Whiteville, NC
Length	12.3 mi[25] (19.8 km)
Existed	1975–present

U.S. Route 74 Business (US 74 Bus) was established in 1975 to replace the old mainline US 74 through Chadbourn and Whiteville. The route is mostly in concurrency with US 76 Business.^[26]

The entire route is in Columbus County.

Location	mi[25]	km	Destinations	Notes
​	0.0	0.0	Future I-74 / US 74 west / NC 130 north / NC 410 – Laurinburg, Bladenboro, Whiteville	West end of NC 130 and north end of NC 410 overlap
Chadbourn	1.9	3.1	US 76 / US 76 Bus. – Fair Bluff, Whiteville	West end of US 76 Bus. overlap
	2.1	3.4	NC 410 south (Brown Street) – Chadbourn, Tabor City	South end of NC 410 overlap
Whiteville	9.2	14.8	US 701 / NC 130 east (Powell Boulevard) – Tabor City, Clarkton, Elizabethtown	East end of NC 130 overlap
	9.5	15.3	US 701 Bus. (Pinckney Street/Madison Street)	Roundabout
​	12.1	19.5	NC 214 east (Sam Potts Highway) – Hallsboro
​	12.3	19.8	Future I-74 / US 74 / US 76 – Wilmington, Laurinburg
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi       Concurrency terminus

Future

Shelby Bypass

Main article: Shelby Bypass

U.S. Highway 74 Bypass
Location	Shelby, North Carolina

U.S. Route 74 Bypass (US 74 Byp.) is the future designation of the Shelby Bypass; currently being constructed in phases. The designation, listed on NCDOT documents, has not been submitted/approved by AASHTO.^[27]

As of July 2020, the segment from the exit with U.S. Route 74 to the current interchange of NC 226 (Polkville Road) has been open and further extensions of the route will be coming soon. The segment from NC 226 (Polkville Road) to NC 150 (Cherryville Road) is already on construction and will be subject to open to traffic in 2022. The last segment of the bypass will extend west of Stony Point Road to U.S. Route 74 Business in Kings Mountain which is subject to open in 2024.^[28]

The entire route is in Cleveland County.

Location	mi	km	Exit	Destinations	Notes
​	194	312	194	US 74 east	Eastbound entrance and westbound exit; opened to traffic on April 13, 2020
​	197	317	197	Washburn Switch Road	Opened to traffic on April 13, 2020
​	199	320	199	NC 226 (Polkville Road)	Opened to traffic on April 13, 2020
​	202	325	202	NC 18 (Fallston Road)
Shelby	203	327	203	NC 150 (Cherryville Road)
	208	335	208	US 74 west	Eastbound exit and westbound entrance
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi       Unopened

Former

Rutherfordton alternate route

U.S. Highway 74A
Location	Rutherfordton, North Carolina
Length	2.2 mi[29] (3.5 km)
Existed	1949–1960

U.S. Route 74 Alternate (US 74A) was established in 1948 or 1949, it followed the original US 74 route through Rutherfordton, as the mainline US 74 was placed on a new bypass route through Ruth. Traversing along Washington Street and Charlotte Road, it was renumbered US 74 Business in 1960.^[2]

Shelby alternate route

U.S. Highway 74A
Location	Shelby, North Carolina
Length	6.2 mi[7] (10.0 km)
Existed	1936–1960

U.S. Route 74 Alternate (US 74A) was established in 1936 as a new primary routing using Marion Street through Shelby; paralleling mainline US 74, which was on Warren Street. Around 1949, US 74 was moved onto new bypass south of Shelby; US 74A was thus extended on both directions. As part of this development, US 74A was split west on Marion Street and east on Warren Street. In 1960 it was renumbered to US 74 Business.^[2]

Bessemer City alternate route

U.S. Highway 74A
Location	Bessemer City, North Carolina
Length	10.0 mi[30] (16.1 km)
Existed	1937–1938

U.S. Route 74 Alternate (US 74A) was established in 1937, this alternate route, along with US 29A, followed the old routing from Kings Mountain to Gastonia, via Bessemer City. A year later, it was renumbered as NC 161 and NC 274.^[2]

Monroe alternate route 1

U.S. Highway 74A
Location	Monroe, North Carolina
Length	0.4 mi[31] (640 m)
Existed	1949–1952

U.S. Route 74 Alternate (US 74A) was established between 1945 and 1949, it was set up as an inner bypass of downtown Monroe, via Jefferson Street. It was decommissioned in 1952 when US 74 moved out of the downtown area, converting the old route, along Charlotte Avenue and Franklin Street, into the second alternate route.^[2]

Monroe alternate route 2

U.S. Highway 74A
Location	Monroe, North Carolina
Existed	1952–1954

U.S. Route 74 Alternate (US 74A) was established in 1952, it replaced the old mainline US 74 through downtown Monroe, via Franklin Street and Charlotte Avenue. In 1953, it was rerouted along Skyway Drive when US 74 was completely realigned onto new bypass routing between Matthews and Monroe. In 1954, it was decommissioned.^[2]

Rockingham alternate route

U.S. Highway 74A
Location	Rockingham, North Carolina
Existed	1953–1957

U.S. Route 74 Alternate (US 74A) was established between 1951 and 1953, after US 74 was rerouted south of downtown Rockingham. The alternate route followed the old alignment along Washington Street and Rockingham Road. In 1957 it was decommissioned.^[2]

Leland alternate route

U.S. Highway 74A
Location	Leland, North Carolina
Length	0.14 mi[32] (230 m)
Existed	1936–1975

U.S. Route 74 Alternate (US 74A) was established in 1936, it replaced mainline US 74 through an intersection in Leland, while the mainline was moved just off to the right on Village Road. At 0.14 miles (0.23 km), it was the shortest alternate route. It was unsigned throughout its existence,^{[citation needed]} but was marked on state and county maps up until 1975, when NCDOT downgraded it to secondary road status.^[33]

Wrightsville Beach alternate route

U.S. Highway 74A
Location	Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina
Existed	1938–1940

U.S. Route 74 Alternate (US 74A) was established by 1938 as new primary routing, it went from Causeway Drive south along Waynick Boulevard, ending on the south-end of Wrightsville Beach; making it a spur route of US 74. By 1940, it was replaced by an extension of US 76.^[2]

References

1. "US 74A — Asheville-Forest City" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved March 1, 2011.
2. "NCRoads.com: U.S. 74-A". Retrieved August 16, 2012.
3. "NCDOT: Scenic Byways". Archived from the original on January 25, 2011. Retrieved March 1, 2011.
4. "US 74 Bus — Rutherfordton-Forest City" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved March 1, 2011.
5. "US Route Changes (1970-12-03)" (PDF). North Carolina Department of Transportation. December 3, 1970. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
6. "Route Changes (1994-09-15)" (PDF). North Carolina Department of Transportation. September 15, 1994. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
7. "US 74 Bus — Shelby" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved March 1, 2011.
8. "US Route Changes (1971-12-01)" (PDF). North Carolina Department of Transportation. December 1, 1971. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
9. "US 74 Bus — Kings Mountain" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved March 1, 2011.
10. Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering (September 20, 2018). "2018 Annual Meeting Report to the Council on Highways and Streets" (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 5, 2018. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
11. Selected Alternative, Monroe Connector/Bypass (PDF) (Map). North Carolina Turnpike Authority. Retrieved April 21, 2014.
12. Henson, Christian (November 27, 2018). "The Charlotte Area's First Toll Road, the Monroe Expressway, Opens Tuesday". Charlotte, NC: Spectrum News. Retrieved November 27, 2018.
13. Staff. "Monroe Bypass". North Carolina Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
14. "NCDOT Begins Construction on Monroe Expressway" (Press release). North Carolina Department of Transportation. May 28, 2015. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
15. Henson, Christian (November 27, 2018). "The Charlotte Area's First Toll Road, the Monroe Expressway, Opens". Charter Communications. Spectrum News Charlotte. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
16. "Monroe Expressway". North Carolina Turnpike Authority. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
17. Monroe Expressway Toll Rates 2018 (PDF) (Map). North Carolina Turnpike Authority. July 24, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
18. "US 74 Bus — Rockingham-Hamlet" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved March 1, 2011.
19. "Route Changes (2003-02-17)" (PDF). North Carolina Department of Transportation. February 17, 2003. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
20. "US 74 Bus — Laurinburg-Maxton" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved March 1, 2011.
21. "Route Changes (1984-11-01)" (PDF). North Carolina Department of Transportation. November 1, 1984. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
22. "US 74 Alt — Maxton-Lumberton" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved March 1, 2011.
23. "I-74 Segment 16". Archived from the original on January 2, 2011. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
24. "Route Changes (2007-10-05)" (PDF). North Carolina Department of Transportation. October 5, 2007. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
25. "US 74 Bus — Chadbourn-Whiteville" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved March 1, 2011.
26. "Route Changes (1976-02-01)" (PDF). North Carolina Department of Transportation. February 1, 1976. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
27. "R-2702 Cleveland County, US 74 Shelby Bypass" (PDF). NCDOT. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
28. Sitzes, Rebecca (April 15, 2020). "New Segment of Bypass Open for Business". Shelby Star. Archived from the original on December 2, 2020.
29. "US 74A — Rutherfordton" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
30. "US 74A — Bessemer City" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
31. "US 74A — Monroe 1" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
32. "US 74A — Leland" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
33. "US Route Changes (09-01-75)" (PDF). Retrieved August 16, 2012.

External links

• Media related to U.S. Route 74 at Wikimedia Commons