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Tsade (also spelled ṣade, ṣādē, ṣaddi, ṣad, tzadi, sadhe, tzaddik) is the eighteenth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Arabic ṣād ص, Aramaic ṣāḏē 𐡑, Ge'ez ṣädäy ጸ, Hebrew ṣādī צ, Phoenician ṣādē 𐤑, and Syriac ṣāḏē ܨ. Its oldest phonetic value is debated, although there is a variety of pronunciations in different modern Semitic languages and their dialects. It represents the coalescence of three Proto-Semitic "emphatic consonants" in Canaanite. Arabic, which kept the phonemes separate, introduced variants of ṣād and ṭāʾ to express the three (see ḍād, ẓāʾ). In Aramaic, these emphatic consonants coalesced instead with ʿayin and ṭēt, respectively, thus Hebrew ereṣ ארץ (earth) is araʿ ארע in Aramaic.
The Phoenician letter is continued in the Greek san (Ϻ) and possibly sampi (Ϡ), and in Etruscan 𐌑 Ś. It may have inspired the form of the letter tse in the Glagolitic and Cyrillic alphabets.
The corresponding letter of the Ugaritic alphabet is 𐎕 ṣade.
The letter is named "tsadek" in Yiddish,[1] and Hebrew speakers often give it a similar name as well. This name for the letter probably originated from a fast recitation of the alphabet (i.e., "tsadi, qoph" → "tsadiq, qoph"), influenced by the Hebrew word tzadik, meaning "righteous person".[2]
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The origin of ṣade is unclear. It may have come from a Proto-Sinaitic script based on a pictogram of a plant, perhaps a papyrus plant, or a fish hook (in Modern Hebrew, צד tsad means "[he] hunt[ed]", and in Arabic صاد ṣād means "[he] hunted").
| ṣād صاد | |
|---|---|
| ص | |
| Usage | |
| Writing system | Arabic script |
| Type | Abjad |
| Language of origin | Arabic language |
| Sound values | sˤ |
| Alphabetical position | 14 |
| History | |
| Development |
|
| Other | |
| Writing direction | Right-to-left |
The letter is named ṣād and in Modern Standard Arabic is pronounced /sˤ/.
It is written in several ways depending in its position in the word:
| Position in word | Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glyph form: (Help) |
ص | ـص | ـصـ | صـ |
Chapter 38 of the Quran is named for this letter, which begins the chapter.
The phoneme is not native to Persian, Ottoman Turkish, or Urdu, and its pronunciation in Arabic loanwords in those languages is not distinguishable from س or ث, all of which are pronounced [s].
In relation with Hebrew
Often, words that have ظ ẓāʾ, ص ṣād, and ض ḍād in Arabic have cognates with צ tsadi in Hebrew.
- Examples
- ظ ẓāʾ: the word for "thirst" in Classical Arabic is ظمأ ẓamaʾ and צמא tsama in Hebrew.
- ص ṣād: the word for "Egypt" in Classical Arabic is مصر miṣr and מצרים mitsrayim in Hebrew.
- ض ḍād: the word for "egg" in Classical Arabic is بيضة bayḍah and ביצה betsah in Hebrew.
When representing this sound in transliteration of Arabic into Hebrew, it is written as צ tsade.
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| Orthographic variants | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| position in word |
Various print fonts | Modern Cursive Hebrew |
Rashi script | ||
| Serif | Sans-serif | Monospaced | |||
| non-final | צ | צ | צ |  |
.svg){kind=small} |
| final | ץ | ץ | ץ |  |
.svg){kind=small} |
Hebrew spelling: צָדִי or צָדֵי.
Name
In Hebrew, the letter's name is tsadi or ṣadi, depending on whether the letter is transliterated as Modern Israeli "ts" or Tiberian "ṣ". Alternatively, it can be called tsadik or ṣadik, spelled צָדִּיק, influenced by its Yiddish name tsadek and the Hebrew word tzadik.
Variations
Ṣadi, like kaph, mem, pe, and nun, has a final form, used at the end of words. Its shape changes from צ to ץ.
Pronunciation
In Modern Hebrew, צ tsade represents a voiceless alveolar affricate /t͡s/. This is the same in Yiddish. Historically, it represented either a pharyngealized /sˤ/ or an affricate such as the modern Hebrew pronunciation or the Ge’ez [t͡sʼ];[3] which became [t͡s] in Ashkenazi pronunciation. A geresh can also be placed after tsade (צ׳ ; ץ׳), giving it the sound [t͡ʃ] (or, in a hypercorrected pronunciation, a pharyngealized [ʃˤ]), e.g. צִ׳יפְּס chips.
Ṣade appears as [sˤ] amongst Yemenite Jews and other Jews from the Middle East.
Some Sephardi Jews pronounce צ like a regular s, and this is the sound value it has in Judaeo-Spanish, as in "masa" (matzo) or "sadik" (tzadik).
Significance
In gematria, ṣadi represents the number 90. Its final form represents 900, but this is rarely used, taw, taw, and qof (400+400+100) being used instead.
As an abbreviation, it stands for ṣafon, north.
Ṣadi is also one of the seven letters that receive special crowns (called tagin) when written in a Sefer Torah. See shin, ‘ayin, tet, nun, zayin, and gimmel.
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| Preview | צ | ץ | ص | ܨ | ࠑ | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | HEBREW LETTER TSADI | HEBREW LETTER FINAL TSADI | ARABIC LETTER SAD | SYRIAC LETTER SADHE | SAMARITAN LETTER TSAADIY | |||||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 1510 | U+05E6 | 1509 | U+05E5 | 1589 | U+0635 | 1832 | U+0728 | 2065 | U+0811 |
| UTF-8 | 215 166 | D7 A6 | 215 165 | D7 A5 | 216 181 | D8 B5 | 220 168 | DC A8 | 224 160 145 | E0 A0 91 |
| Numeric character reference | צ | צ | ץ | ץ | ص | ص | ܨ | ܨ | ࠑ | ࠑ |
| Preview | 𐎕 | 𐡑 | 𐤑 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | UGARITIC LETTER SADE | IMPERIAL ARAMAIC LETTER SADHE | PHOENICIAN LETTER SADE | |||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 66453 | U+10395 | 67665 | U+10851 | 67857 | U+10911 |
| UTF-8 | 240 144 142 149 | F0 90 8E 95 | 240 144 161 145 | F0 90 A1 91 | 240 144 164 145 | F0 90 A4 91 |
| UTF-16 | 55296 57237 | D800 DF95 | 55298 56401 | D802 DC51 | 55298 56593 | D802 DD11 |
| Numeric character reference | 𐎕 | 𐎕 | 𐡑 | 𐡑 | 𐤑 | 𐤑 |
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