Toyo (queen)

Toyo (臺與/台与), also known as Iyo (壹與/壱与), (235–?) was a queen regnant of Yamatai-koku in Japan. She was, according to the "Records of Wei" and other traditional sources, the successor of Queen Himiko.^[1][2] Some historians believe she is the mother of Emperor Sujin.^[3]

Toyo/Iyo
Queen of Yamataikoku
Reign	c. 248 CE – Unknown
Predecessor	Unknown king (successor of Queen Himiko)
Successor	Unknown
Born	235 CE Yamatai, Japan
Died	Unknown

Reign

Iyo is not cited in many historical records, and her origin is unknown. Records claim that Iyo was a close relative of Himiko, and she acquired great political power at a very young age.^[4] Information obtained from Chinese sources and from archeological and ethnological discoveries has led Japanese scholars to conclude that Iyo was Himiko's niece. Himiko and Iyo were female shamans and that sovereignty had both a political and a religious character.

After Himiko's death, a man took power in Yamatai as ruler. However, warfare soon engulfed the polity. The ruling council met and decided to put another woman on the throne. The one chosen was Iyo, a girl only 13 years old, who succeeded in reinstating peace in her government by following the same political line adopted by Queen Himiko.^[5][6]

The Records of Wei describes Himiko's death and Iyo's rise in the following terms:

When Himiko passed away, a great mound was raised, more than a hundred paces in diameter. Over a hundred male and female attendants followed her to the grave. Then a king was placed on the throne, but the people would not obey him. Assassination and murder followed; more than one thousand were thus slain. A relative of Himiko named Iyo [壹與], a girl of thirteen, was [then] made queen and order was restored. (Zhang) Zheng (張政) (an ambassador from Wei), issued a proclamation to the effect that Iyo was the ruler. (tr. Tsunoda 1951:16)

Iyo continued, or restored, tributary relations between Wa and Wei; Wei officials were included among her advisors, and she sent an embassy of twenty individuals, led by her grand steward Isako, to accompany some of these Chinese officials back to China.

In popular culture

• Appears as the titular character in the novel series Matsura Iyohime (まつら伊世姫) by Junji Hasegawa (1991)
• Appears in the novel Kishin (kishin -姫神-) by Shinji Sadakane (2001)
• Appears in manga series Raika (雷火), story by Yū Terashima, art by Kamui Fujiwara (1987-1997)
• Appears as a main character in the manga series Yamato Gensōki (邪馬台幻想記) by Kentaro Yabuki (1999)
• Appears in the manga series Ao no Jidai (青青の時代) by Ryoko Yamagishi (1998-2000)
• Appears in the mobile game Fate/Grand Order as a Ruler-class Servant voiced by Ari Ozawa, developed by Lasengle and published by Aniplex (2022)
• Appears in the mobile game Magia Record as a playable character voiced by Misaki Yamada, developed by f4samurai and published by Aniplex (2023)

References

1. Yoshie, Akiko; Tonomura, Hitomi; Takata, Azumi Ann «Gendered Interpretations of Female Rule: The Case of Himiko, Ruler of Yamatai». US-Japan Women's Journal, 44, 1, 2013, pàg. 13. DOI: 10.1353/jwj.2013.0009.
2. "CHAPTER 12. Makimuku and the Location of Yamatai", Himiko and Japan's Elusive Chiefdom of Yamatai, University of Hawaii Press, pp. 239–282, 2017-12-31, doi:10.1515/9780824862848-016, ISBN 978-0-8248-6284-8, retrieved 2024-01-19
3. Shillony 2008, p. 15.
4. Ryūichi, Nagao (2016), "Der Staat Japan in historischer Perspektive", Staatsverständnis in Japan, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, pp. 13–46, doi:10.5771/9783845270418-13, ISBN 978-3-8452-7041-8, retrieved 2024-01-19
5. Kitagawa, Joseph M. (February 1974). "The Japanese "Kokutai" (National Community) History and Myth". History of Religions. 13 (3): 209–226. doi:10.1086/462702. ISSN 0018-2710.
6. "CHAPTER 12. Makimuku and the Location of Yamatai", Himiko and Japan's Elusive Chiefdom of Yamatai, University of Hawaii Press, pp. 239–282, 2017-12-31, doi:10.1515/9780824862848-016, ISBN 978-0-8248-6284-8, retrieved 2024-01-19

• Aston, William G, tr. 1924. Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to CE 697. 2 vols. Charles E Tuttle reprint 1972.
• Chamberlain, Basil Hall, tr. 1919. The Kojiki, Records of Ancient Matters. Charles E Tuttle reprint 2005.
• Edwards, Walter (1998), "Mirrors to Japanese History", Archeology, 51 (3).
• ——— (1999), "Mirrors on Ancient Yamato: The Kurozuka Kofun Discovery and the Question of Yamatai", Monumenta Nipponica, 54 (1): 75–110, doi:10.2307/2668274, JSTOR 2668274.
• Ellwood, Robert S (1990), "The Sujin Religious Revolution" (PDF), Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 17 (3), Nanzan U: 199–217, doi:10.18874/jjrs.17.2-3.1990.199-217^{[permanent dead link‍]}.
• Farris, William Wayne (1998), "Sacred Texts and Buried Treasures: Issues in the Historical Archaeology of Ancient Japan", Monumenta Nipponica, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 123–26.
• Hideyuki, Shindoa.「卑弥呼の殺人」角川春樹事務所, 2005.
• Hori, Ichiro. 1968. Folk Religion in Japan: Continuity and Change. University of Chicago Press.
• Imamura. Keiji. 1996. Prehistoric Japan: New Perspectives on Insular East Asia. University of Hawai’i Press.
• Kidder, Jonathan Edward. 2007. Himiko and Japan’s Elusive Chiefdom of Yamatai. University of Hawai’i Press.
• Matsumoto, Seichō (1983), "Japan in the Third Century", Japan Quarterly, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 377–82.
• Mori, Kōichi (1979), "The Emperor of Japan: A Historical Study in Religious Symbolism" (PDF), Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, vol. 6, no. 4, Nanzan U, pp. 522–65.
• Saeki, Arikiyo (1988). Sangokushiki Wajinden, Chōsen Seishi Nihonden 1 (in Japanese). Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten. ISBN 4-00-334471-5.
• Tsunoda, Ryusaku, tr (1951), Goodrich, Carrington C (ed.), Japan in the Chinese Dynastic Histories: Later Han Through Ming Dynasties, South Pasadena: PD and Ione Perkins{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link).

Shillony, Ben-Ami (2008), The Emperors of Modern Japan, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh, ISBN 978-90-04-16822-0