Toric variety

In algebraic geometry, a toric variety or torus embedding is an algebraic variety containing an algebraic torus as an open dense subset, such that the action of the torus on itself extends to the whole variety. Some authors also require it to be normal. Toric varieties form an important and rich class of examples in algebraic geometry, which often provide a testing ground for theorems. The geometry of a toric variety is fully determined by the combinatorics of its associated fan, which often makes computations far more tractable. For a certain special, but still quite general class of toric varieties, this information is also encoded in a polytope, which creates a powerful connection of the subject with convex geometry. Familiar examples of toric varieties are affine space, projective spaces, products of projective spaces and bundles over projective space.

Toric varieties from tori

The original motivation to study toric varieties was to study torus embeddings. Given the algebraic torus ${\displaystyle T}$, the group of characters ${\displaystyle \hom(T,\mathbb {C} ^{*})}$ forms a lattice. Given a collection of points ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}$, a subset of this lattice, each point determines a map to ${\displaystyle \mathbb {C} ^{*}}$ and thus the collection determines a map to ${\displaystyle \left(\mathbb {C} ^{*}\right)^{|{\mathcal {A}}|}}$. By taking the Zariski closure of the image of such a map, one obtains an affine variety.^[1] If the collection of lattice points ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}$ generates the character lattice, this variety is a torus embedding. In similar fashion one may produce a parametrized projective toric variety, by taking the projective closure of the above map, viewing it as a map into an affine patch of projective space.

Given a projective toric variety, observe that we may probe its geometry by one-parameter subgroups. Each one parameter subgroup, determined by a point in the lattice, dual to the character lattice, is a punctured curve inside the projective toric variety. Since the variety is compact, this punctured curve has a unique limit point. Thus, by partitioning the one-parameter subgroup lattice by the limit points of punctured curves, we obtain a lattice fan, a collection of polyhedral rational cones. The cones of highest dimension correspond precisely to the torus fixed points, the limits of these punctured curves.

The toric variety of a fan

Affine toric variety and polyhedral cone

Suppose that ${\displaystyle N}$ is a finite-rank free abelian group, for instance the lattice ${\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} ^{n}}$. A strongly convex rational polyhedral cone in ${\displaystyle N}$ is a convex cone (of the real vector space of ${\displaystyle N}$) with apex at the origin, generated by a finite number of vectors of ${\displaystyle N}$, and that contains no line through the origin. These will be called "cones" for short. When generated by a set of vectors ${\displaystyle v_{1},\dots ,v_{k}}$, it is denoted ${\displaystyle {\text{cone}}(v_{1},\ldots ,v_{k})=\left\{\sum _{i=1}^{k}a_{i}v_{i}\colon a_{i}\in \mathbb {R} _{\geq 0}\right\}}$. A one-dimensional cone is called a ray. For a cone ${\displaystyle \sigma }$, its affine toric variety ${\displaystyle U_{\sigma }}$ is the spectrum of the monoid algebra of the dual cone to ${\displaystyle \sigma }$.

Fundamental theorem for toric geometry

A fan is a collection of cones closed under taking intersections and faces. The underlying space of a fan ${\displaystyle \Sigma }$ is the union of its cones and is denoted by ${\displaystyle |\Sigma |}$.

The toric variety of a fan is given by taking the affine toric varieties of its cones and gluing them together by identifying ${\displaystyle U_{\sigma }}$ with an open subvariety of ${\displaystyle U_{\tau }}$ whenever ${\displaystyle \sigma }$ is a face of ${\displaystyle \tau }$. Conversely, every fan of strongly convex rational cones has an associated toric variety. This one-to-one equivalence is called the fundamental theorem for toric geometry.^[2]

The fan associated with a toric variety condenses some important data about the variety. For example, the Cartier divisors are associated to the rays of the fan. Moreover, a toric variety is smooth, or nonsingular, if every cone in its fan can be generated by a subset of a basis for the free abelian group ${\displaystyle N}$, and it is compact if its fan is complete, that is, its underlying space is the whole vector space.

Morphisms of toric varieties

Suppose that ${\displaystyle \Sigma _{1}}$ and ${\displaystyle \Sigma _{2}}$ are fans in lattices ${\displaystyle N_{1}}$ and ${\displaystyle N_{2}}$, respectively. If ${\displaystyle f}$ is a linear map from ${\displaystyle N_{1}}$ to ${\displaystyle N_{2}}$ such that the image of every cone of ${\displaystyle \Sigma _{1}}$ is contained in a cone of ${\displaystyle \Sigma _{2}}$, then ${\displaystyle f}$ induces a morphism ${\displaystyle f_{*}}$ between the corresponding toric varieties. This map ${\displaystyle f_{*}}$ is proper if and only if the preimage of ${\displaystyle |\Sigma _{2}|}$ under the map ${\displaystyle f}$ is ${\displaystyle |\Sigma _{1}|}$.

Projective toric variety, the ones coming from polytopes

A toric variety is projective if it can be embedded in some complex projective space.

Let ${\displaystyle P}$ be a polytope. For any vertex ${\displaystyle v}$ of ${\displaystyle P}$, the normal cone of ${\displaystyle P}$ at vertex ${\displaystyle v}$ is the cone generated by the outer normals of the facets containing ${\displaystyle v}$. The normal fan of ${\displaystyle P}$ is the fan whose maximal cones are the normal cones at each vertex of ${\displaystyle P}$.

It is well known that projective toric varieties are the ones coming from the normal fans of rational polytopes.^[3]

For example, the complex projective plane ${\displaystyle \mathbb {CP} ^{2}}$ comes from the triangle, or ${\displaystyle 2}$-simplex. It may be represented by three complex coordinates satisfying

${\displaystyle |z_{1}|^{2}+|z_{2}|^{2}+|z_{3}|^{2}=1,\,\!}$

where the sum has been chosen to account for the real rescaling part of the projective map, and the coordinates must be moreover identified by the following ${\displaystyle U(1)}$ action:

${\displaystyle (z_{1},z_{2},z_{3})\approx e^{i\phi }(z_{1},z_{2},z_{3}).\,\!}$

The approach of toric geometry is to write

${\displaystyle (x,y,z)=(|z_{1}|^{2},|z_{2}|^{2},|z_{3}|^{2}).\,\!}$

The coordinates ${\displaystyle x,y,z}$ are non-negative, and they parameterize a triangle because

${\displaystyle x+y+z=1;\,\!}$

that is,

${\displaystyle \quad z=1-x-y.\,\!}$

The triangle is the toric base of the complex projective plane. The generic fiber is a two-torus parameterized by the phases of ${\displaystyle z_{1},z_{2}}$; the phase of ${\displaystyle z_{3}}$ can be chosen real and positive by the ${\displaystyle U(1)}$ symmetry.

However, the two-torus degenerates into three different circles on the boundary of the triangle i.e. at ${\displaystyle x=0}$ or ${\displaystyle y=0}$ or ${\displaystyle z=0}$ because the phase of ${\displaystyle z_{1},z_{2},z_{3}}$ becomes inconsequential, respectively.

The precise orientation of the circles within the torus is usually depicted by the slope of the line intervals (the sides of the triangle, in this case).

Note that this construction is related to symplectic geometry as the map ${\displaystyle {\begin{cases}\mathbb {CP} ^{2}&\to \mathbb {R} _{\geq 0}\\(z_{1},z_{2},z_{3})&\mapsto |z_{1}|+|z_{2}|+|z_{3}|\end{cases}}}$ is related to the moment map for the action of ${\displaystyle U(1)}$ on the symplectic manifold ${\displaystyle \mathbb {CP} ^{2}}$.

Classification of smooth compact toric varieties

From the fundamental theorem for toric geometry, the classification of smooth compact toric varieties of complex dimension ${\displaystyle n}$ and with ${\displaystyle m}$ Cartier divisors is equivalent to that of smooth complete fans of dimension ${\displaystyle n}$ with ${\displaystyle m}$ rays.

Classification for small Picard number

The Picard number of a fan ${\displaystyle \Sigma }$ of dimension ${\displaystyle n}$ having ${\displaystyle m}$ rays is the quantity ${\displaystyle m-n}$. Note that it is actually the rank of the Picard group of the toric variety associated to ${\displaystyle \Sigma }$.

• The only toric variety of dimension ${\displaystyle n}$ and Picard number ${\displaystyle 1}$ is the complex projective space ${\displaystyle \mathbb {CP} ^{n}}$. Its associated fan has rays generated by ${\displaystyle e_{1},e_{2},\ldots ,e_{n}}$ and ${\displaystyle f=-\sum _{i=1}^{n}e_{i}}$, for ${\displaystyle e_{1},e_{2},\ldots ,e_{n}}$ a basis of ${\displaystyle N}$. The cones of this fan are ${\displaystyle {\text{cone}}(e_{1},\ldots ,e_{n})}$, and ${\displaystyle {\text{cone}}(e_{1},\ldots ,e_{i-1},f,e_{i+1},\ldots ,e_{n})}$, for ${\displaystyle i=1,\ldots ,n}$. This is the normal fan to a unimodular ${\displaystyle n}$-simplex and it is therefore projective, even though this is a trivial statement.

• P. Kleinschmidt classified every smooth compact toric varieties of Picard number ${\displaystyle 2}$, they are all projective.^[4]
• Victor V. Batyrev classified every smooth compact toric varieties of Picard number ${\displaystyle 3}$, they are all projective.^[5] This result was reproved by S. Choi and H. Park using different techniques.^[6]

The classification for Picard number greater than ${\displaystyle 3}$ is not known.

Classification for small dimension

Smooth toric surfaces are easily characterized, they all are projective and come from the normal fan of polygons such that at each vertex, the two incident edges are spanned by two vectors that form a basis of ${\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} ^{2}}$.

Resolution of singularities

Every toric variety has a resolution of singularities given by another toric variety, which can be constructed by subdividing the maximal cones of its associated fan into cones of smooth toric varieties.

Relation to mirror symmetry

The idea of toric varieties is useful for mirror symmetry because an interpretation of certain data of a fan as data of a polytope leads to a combinatorial construction of mirror manifolds.

External links

• Home page of D. A. Cox, with several lectures on toric varieties

See also

• Gordan's lemma
• Toric ideal
• Toric stack (roughly this is obtained by replacing the step of taking a GIT quotient by a quotient stack)
• Toroidal embedding

General references

Short surveys

• Cox, David (2003), "What is a toric variety?", Topics in algebraic geometry and geometric modeling, Contemp. Math., vol. 334, Providence, R.I.: Amer. Math. Soc., pp. 203–223, MR 2039974
• Miller, Ezra (2008), "What is ... a toric variety?" (PDF), Notices of the American Mathematical Society, 55 (5): 586–587, ISSN 0002-9920, MR 2404030

Articles

• Danilov, V. I. (1978), "The geometry of toric varieties", Akademiya Nauk SSSR I Moskovskoe Matematicheskoe Obshchestvo. Uspekhi Matematicheskikh Nauk, 33 (2): 85–134, doi:10.1070/RM1978v033n02ABEH002305, ISSN 0042-1316, MR 0495499

Books

• Kempf, G.; Knudsen, Finn Faye; Mumford, David; Saint-Donat, B. (1973), Toroidal Embeddings I, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 339, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, doi:10.1007/BFb0070318, ISBN 978-3-540-06432-9, MR 0335518
• Oda, Tadao (1988), Convex bodies and algebraic geometry, Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete (3) [Results in Mathematics and Related Areas (3)], vol. 15, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-17600-8, MR 0922894
• Fulton, William (1993), Introduction to toric varieties, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-00049-7
• Cox, David A.; Little, John B.; Schenck, Hal (2011), "Toric varieties", Graduate Studies in Mathematics (AMS), 124, ISBN 978-1-4704-7820-9
• Buchstaber, Victor M.; Panov, Taras E. (2015), Toric topology, Math. Surv. Monogr., vol. 204, Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society (AMS), doi:10.1090/surv/204, ISBN 978-1-4704-2214-1, ISSN 0076-5376

References

1. Cox, David A.; Little, John B.; Schenck, Hal (2011), "Toric varieties", Graduate Studies in Mathematics (AMS), 124, ISBN 978-1-4704-7820-9
2. Davis, Michael W.; Januszkiewicz, Tadeusz (1991), "Convex polytopes, Coxeter orbifolds and torus actions", Duke Mathematical Journal, 62 (2): 417–451, doi:10.1215/S0012-7094-91-06217-4, ISSN 0012-7094
3. Fulton, William (1993), Introduction to toric varieties, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-00049-7
4. Kleinschmidt, Peter (1988), "A classification of toric varieties with few generators", Aequationes Mathematicae, 35 (2–3): 254–266, doi:10.1007/BF01830946, ISSN 0001-9054
5. Batyrev, Victor V. (1991), "On the classification of smooth projective toric varieties", Tohoku Mathematical Journal, Second Series, 43 (4): 569–585, doi:10.2748/tmj/1178227429, ISSN 0040-8735
6. Choi, S., Park, H. (1 March 2016). "Wedge operations and torus symmetries". Tohoku Mathematical Journal. 68 (1). arXiv:1305.0136. doi:10.2748/tmj/1458248864. ISSN 0040-8735. Retrieved 22 November 2022.